China 's Transformation As A Transformation

China has changed in certain ways and remained the same in others from the early Golden Ages to the late 1900s. China has experienced a series of cultural and political transformations, shaping the lives of many Chinese citizens. Culturally, the country’s art and literature hardly changed for almost eight hundred years. Along with their culture, China remained politically the same from the beginning of the Golden Ages all the way until the 1800s. On the other hand, China’s government and society were restructured after new leaders took over. From a monarch to total communism, China’s society had a multitude of new ideas and policies they had to adapt to.

Tracing back the history of China, Xia Dynasty of the second millennium BCE was the earliest dynasty in China, which was centered along the Yellow River. Before China was unified, it was the time during which most of China's cultural tradition arose. Chinese civilization ascended and developed in a vast area, one-third larger than the United States if such dependencies as Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet are included. For centuries China was almost completely isolated from the other centers of civilization by mountains, deserts, and seas. This isolation helps explain the great originality of China's culture. China has many mountain ranges and three river systems that rise close together on the high Tibetan plateau and flow eastward to

Mao Zedong, the leader of China during the third quarter of the 20th century, organized two movements in his country in an attempt to develop China 's economy through the establishment of communism. Through The Great Leap Forward, Mao planned to change the layout of the Chinese economy by forcing collectivism on his country and implementing other ways to speed up production. Since this movement failed, he then implemented The Cultural Revolution. It consisted of the same goals but was carried out through violence and was also an utter failure. These two movements failed because of the lack of organization with which they were performed. This lack of organization manifested itself in a number of different ways. The government did not care about their people, the reforms themselves were not planned out in detail, the government did not think about the spontaneity of young people, they did not consider the effect violence would have on their country, they did not realize the decline in education that would result from the participation of students in the revolution, they did not plan well economically, they did not examine the negative effects of communes, and they did not foresee the large number of deaths that would plague their country. Although designed to rapidly increase China 's economic growth through communism, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution had the opposite effects and significantly diminished China 's economy. The two direct causes of the failure

China has always been renowned for being successful in the domains of science and arts, however in previous decades, China has been ravaged by famines, civil discomfort and foreign outsourcing. China was consumed by this injustice until well after the Second World War when Mao Zedong introduced Communism adapted from the U.S.S.R, and created an autocratic socialist system which imposes firm constraints upon the Chinese social, political and economic system. It wasn't until the 1980's China's following leader Deng Xiaoping who focused focused on developing China into a

The rise in China from a poor, stagnant country to a major economic power within a time span of twenty-eight years is often described by analysts as one of the greatest success stories in these present times. With China receiving an increase in the amount of trade business from many countries around the world, they may soon be a major competitor to surpass the U.S. China became the second largest economy, last year, overtaking Japan which had held that position since 1968 (Gallup). China could become the world’s largest economy in decades.

For the past century, Chinese society has felt a compulsive desire to develop at breakneck speeds. In pursuing development, China’s primary goal has been to display its sophistication to the world, rather than to directly aid the welfare of its citizens. Following this hierarchy of objectives, China has continued to relentlessly modernize despite enormous negative consequences; the development powered through famine during the Great Leap Forward, violence during the Cultural Revolution, and economic dislocation during liberalization, accepting negative consequences as bearable burdens on the path to global renown. Ignoring these issues, China has proven itself more responsive to international views of modernity than to immediate national

By granting China most-favored-nation trade status the United States has started that long and difficult process of bringing China out of its international dark ages. In order to live up to the terms of most-favored-nation trade status China has had to become more open to social and economic changes. These reforms included more economic freedom, easier access for foreign direct investments. The economic developments these reforms have been to a main cause for China’s newly increased gross nation product. Over a ten-year period from 1978 to 1988 most-favored-nation trade status was directly responsible for an annual ten percent growth in China’s gross national product.

Globalization is a process that refers to the increased integration between different countries and economies as well as the increased impact of international influences on all aspects of life and economic activity. Over the last 50 years, globalization has had a tremendous impact on the Chinese economy. The impacts brought forth by globalization can be both positive and negative and effect both economic performance, economic growth and the development of China’s economy. Globalization is the main factor responsible for China’s significant growth that has taken place over the last two decades. However, globalization itself is not entirely responsible. The Chinese economy has also implemented strategies which have been very effective in promoting economic growth and development. These strategies include the implantation of“Open door policy”, “Reformation” of China’s agricultural system and joining the World Trade Organisation.

Feeling this was not enough to boost the economic up, Deng loaned money from IMF and the World Bank “to upgrade machinery and establish new manufacturing and industrial development” (Benson, 48). He opened a total of five towns and villages as SEZs and allowed foreign investors to build factories and hire Chinese to work for them. It might not be the best way to reform the economic as a whole, but it played an important role because it benefited the Chinese workers, the investors, and the Chinese government. During the 1980s, Deng promoted the “open door” policy to encourage foreign investment and to trade with the world. China needed larger quantities of raw materials to fuel its industrial growth so they signed contracts for minerals, timer, and so forth. It had not only provided China with raw materials that were needed, but also improved the relations with other neighbor counties and the US.

We will begin our analysis of these questions by examining China’s economy at the time of Deng Xiaoping’s accession to power in 1978 and the economic growth strategy he and his successor implemented which ultimately led China to ascension into the WTO. We will then review various conditions imposed upon China by the WTO and how China reacted to those changes and to what extent these lead to China’s current status and interaction

The purpose of this essay is to show how the economy of China has, and is changing, becoming the second largest economy in the world today. Although China is currently under the leadership of Xi Jinping, this essay will concentrate primarily on the actions undertaken by then President Mao Zedong, followed by then President Deng Xiaoping, (sans mention of Hua Guofeng). Given the relative infancy of Xi’s assumption of power, economic policies still remain largely rhetorical in form. Likewise, the majority of literature concerning economic policies under Xi are largely speculative, often citing strategies and ambitions as opposed to thereby, lacking a solid basis for rational induction In addition to China’s lack of transparency, In addition, it will be shown that the methodology behind the Chinese economy demonstrates the implementation of varying levels of the characteristics associated with the schools of Realism, Marxism and Liberalism. Thus, China’s approach to global trade in the 21st Century is pluralistic, testamentary to the failed economic

China introduced an early, slow and progressive market reforms. By now China has accumulated substantial experience of operating in the contemporary global market. In contrast, the early attempts by Gorbachev at reform during the 1980s in Russia were remarkably ineffectual, even though at the time ‘glasnost’ and ‘perestroika’ were fashionable Western talking points. The fact is that the Russian transition only started in the early 90s, whereas China’s

According to McCormick ( 2010 pg,291), the first transformation in China was the proclamation in 1978 of an open door policy aimed at opening up production to factors of supply and demand, expanding trade, reducing the role of central planning and introducing incentives for workers and peasants farmers including; promotions, wage increases and bonuses. The light industry was given great emphasis over the heavy industry and there was expansion of production in consumer goods. Greater support was also given to domestic research and development and China was more open to the idea of importing foreign technology. Further young Chinese were sent abroad to learn while foreigners were let in into the country. For example between the year 1979 and 1989 some 75,000 Chinese students received visa to study in the United States. The students had greater access to foreign publications and were able to take advantage of the explosion of publishing outside China itself (Smith et al, 2012, pg 329).

For the first three decades since the start of reform and opening, the Chinese political environment has generally been in favour of foreign trade. Prior to reform and opening, ideological barriers against trading with Capitalist countries and institutional barriers against free trading at all, have both impeded foreign trade. Afterwards, the overall trend has been highly favorable towards China’s foreign trade. In particular, Deng Xiaoping broke ice on both barriers with his various

Growth in exports and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was extremely important to China’s economic success. During Mao’s last years in power, China was inaccessible to the outside world and this was costing the country growth-wise. Other countries such as Japan and Hong Kong were experiencing rapid growth from exports as shown in Exhibit 6, and China wanted to follow in their footsteps. The country has hard-working and educated people who could help make this a reality and Deng knew this was the next step in helping the country to be among the most advanced and most improved4. The United States has always been a wise contender and is always looking for ways to better its