Chapter 11 Discussion Questions

Proper management of institutions is the key to the success of such a firm. The kind of leadership being dispensed directly affects the motivation of employees and their productivity. The two most prominent kinds of leadership are transformational and transactional leadership. This article seeks to discuss the two kinds of leadership and eventually propose the most efficient kind of management.

According to Sullivan and Decker (1997) transactional leadership is a traditional, goal oriented type of leadership based on the social exchange theory. Work is exchanged for rewards in

Transformational leaders and transactional leaders differ from one another in the manner that they encourage and motivate those who follow them. Transactional leaders are defined as those who focus on monetary and tangible rewards as motivational tools for the daily operations (Marquis & Huston, 2015). Transactional leadership is associated with a clear organizational structure in which managers and subordinates understand their roles and know from whom to receive reward and feedback (Cherry, 2015). This type of leadership style focuses on motivation for the here and now to accomplish daily tasks at hand. This leadership does not focus on forward thinking or growth towards the future (Gellis, 2001).

“Culture consists of the symbols, rituals, language, and social dramas that highlight organizational life, including myths, stories, and jargon. It includes the shared meanings associated with the symbols, rituals, and language. Culture combines the philosophy of the firm with beliefs, expectations, and values shared by members. It contains the stories and myths about the company's founder and its current leading figures. Organizational culture consists of a set of shared meanings and values held by a set of members in an organization that distinguish the organization from other organizations. An organization's culture determines how it perceives and reacts to the larger environment (Becker, 1982; Schein, 1996). Culture determines the nature

9. What would be the price to pay if Arobynn agrees to save Celaena’s cousin?

Along with Auguste Comte, another influential philosopher and scientist was Charles Darwin. Darwin presented the idea of natural selection and evolution in the 19th century. Darwin said that variations within a specific species will kill off the weaker members will die off and the stronger members will survive, based on Malthus' theory that population will always outgrow the amount of supplies.

Transactional leadership on the other hand was first described in 1947 by Max Weber; he first coined "rational-legal leadership — the style that would come to be known as transactional leadership — as the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge” (Spahr, 2014). According to Spahr (2014), characteristics of transactional leaders include: focus on short-term goals, favor structured policies and procedures, thrive on rule following and doing things correctly, revel in efficiency, left-brained, inflexible, and opposed to change.

* Sub-cultures Form Through Rewards.. Employees have many different wants and needs. Sometimes employees value rewards that are not associated with the behaviors desired by managers for the overall company. This is often how subcultures are formed, as people get social rewards from coworkers or have their most important needs met in their departments or project teams.

Organizational leadership builds on traditional theories in order to form new and exciting directions. Transactional leadership is a traditional theory, which has been used as a platform to understand leadership and further develop techniques for higher organizational performance. The three components of transactional leadership help shape and define the style, but are not always strictly adhered to. There are many advantages and disadvantages of transformational leadership. Knowing how and when to apply this style will prove useful for most successful organizational leaders. President Dwight Eisenhower was a good example of how transactional leadership could be used successfully.

“Organizational culture consists of a set of shared meanings and values held by a set of members in an organization that distinguish the organization from other organizations” (Baack, 2012). These shared values have a strong influence on the people in the organization and dictate how they dress, act, and perform their jobs. Culture plays a huge role in the guiding of the behaviors of employees of an organization. There are three stages of culture that interact with one another to influence the behaviors in the organization. These stages are: observable artifacts, espoused values, and enacted values.

What is urbanization? Which countries are the most urbanized? The least urbanized? What is the urbanization trend today in largely rural nations? Urbanization is a process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely populated cities.

In my opinion, the leadership at North River Middle School is a primary example of the transactional leadership style. The principal, Mr. Jameson, school has not attained adequate yearly progress and test scores were down. In his defense, Mr. Jameson had professional development workshops, increased classroom walk through, and talked to departments about the problem. Nevertheless, Mr. Jameson failed to listen to his staff concerning the obstacles that teachers were facing in the classroom. Mr. Jameson practically ignored comments and feedback that did not align with his thinking. As a result, he is facing probable termination of employment if, the school does not show improvement.

Transformational leadership is a theory of leadership that describes the process by which leaders transform a group of individuals into a cohesive team that is committed to the highest levels of success (Griffith, Dunham 2015). The difference between transactional leadership and transformational leadership is transformational leadership relies on the ability of leaders to inspire others to basically take on the roles of leaders by going above and beyond what is required to complete a task without being given to how too. These leaders have to be able to lead by example. Transformational leaders require members to take responsibility for their actions during the completion of the project whether good or bad. Transformational leaders are leaders who have a vision that they work to get other on board with by empowering them and giving them the confidence they can complete the challenge. Transactional leadership focuses on the management of tasks and is defined as the transaction between the manager and the employee (Griffith, Dunham 2015). If you are using the transactional style of leadership you must have structure, be accountable, and have a reward system in place to ensure that work is being done (Griffith, Dunham 2015). People who use this style of leadership also use punishment as a means of ensuring work is being done properly (Cherry 2017).

•A first-party is performed inside of an association to quantify its qualities and shortcomings against its own strategies or systems and/or against outer gauges embraced by (deliberate) or forced on (compulsory) the association. A first-gathering review is an inner review directed by evaluators who are utilized by the association being inspected however who have no personal stake in the review aftereffects of the zone being examined.

Hours: Managers are required to work five days a week including either Saturday or Sunday. Hours may vary.