Chapter 11 Discussion Questions

9. What would be the price to pay if Arobynn agrees to save Celaena’s cousin?

Along with Auguste Comte, another influential philosopher and scientist was Charles Darwin. Darwin presented the idea of natural selection and evolution in the 19th century. Darwin said that variations within a specific species will kill off the weaker members will die off and the stronger members will survive, based on Malthus' theory that population will always outgrow the amount of supplies.

Another example of Transactional leadership that can also be seen in my scenario is found in Lewin’s theory (1939). Clark (2009) explains that Lewin’s leadership

What is urbanization? Which countries are the most urbanized? The least urbanized? What is the urbanization trend today in largely rural nations? Urbanization is a process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely populated cities.

Leading involves recognizing and communicating the need to change course and direction of the project, aligning people to this new direction, and motivating the team to overcome obstacles to achieve the new objectives. Managing is about formulating plans and objectives, designing procedures to achieve those objectives, monitoring progress, and taking corrective action. Managing is about putting out fires and maintaining the course. Leading is about change, and altering the course of a project.

Transactional leadership on the other hand was first described in 1947 by Max Weber; he first coined "rational-legal leadership — the style that would come to be known as transactional leadership — as the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge” (Spahr, 2014). According to Spahr (2014), characteristics of transactional leaders include: focus on short-term goals, favor structured policies and procedures, thrive on rule following and doing things correctly, revel in efficiency, left-brained, inflexible, and opposed to change.

In my opinion, the leadership at North River Middle School is a primary example of the transactional leadership style. The principal, Mr. Jameson, school has not attained adequate yearly progress and test scores were down. In his defense, Mr. Jameson had professional development workshops, increased classroom walk through, and talked to departments about the problem. Nevertheless, Mr. Jameson failed to listen to his staff concerning the obstacles that teachers were facing in the classroom. Mr. Jameson practically ignored comments and feedback that did not align with his thinking. As a result, he is facing probable termination of employment if, the school does not show improvement.

According to Sullivan and Decker (1997) transactional leadership is a traditional, goal oriented type of leadership based on the social exchange theory. Work is exchanged for rewards in

•A first-party is performed inside of an association to quantify its qualities and shortcomings against its own strategies or systems and/or against outer gauges embraced by (deliberate) or forced on (compulsory) the association. A first-gathering review is an inner review directed by evaluators who are utilized by the association being inspected however who have no personal stake in the review aftereffects of the zone being examined.

Organizational leadership builds on traditional theories in order to form new and exciting directions. Transactional leadership is a traditional theory, which has been used as a platform to understand leadership and further develop techniques for higher organizational performance. The three components of transactional leadership help shape and define the style, but are not always strictly adhered to. There are many advantages and disadvantages of transformational leadership. Knowing how and when to apply this style will prove useful for most successful organizational leaders. President Dwight Eisenhower was a good example of how transactional leadership could be used successfully.

Hours: Managers are required to work five days a week including either Saturday or Sunday. Hours may vary.

Culture within an organisation is a system of shared values, beliefs and norms of individuals in the organisation and how the value consensus creates a way in which people behave. The shared values have a strong influence on the individuals in the organisation and dictates how a person acts, dresses and performs in their job. A unique culture is developed and maintained by an organisation which provides guidelines and boundaries, through informal means, for the behaviour of the people within the organisation.

An organization’s culture shapes the attitudes and behaviors of its employees by defining boundaries, providing a sense of identity and stability. It also establishes a standard in regards to what employees should say and do. Culture can be transmitted via stories, rituals, material symbols and language. Culture within an organization is no exception.

While the transactional leadership can be seen as simple contract trade based on the interest of greed, which sometimes get confused with what we call the manager’s task. The transformational leadership seeks to satisfy high need of its subordinates, commit to aspiring human dimension to a process of stimulation and mutual development in which the selfish interests are transcended in favor of the common good.

Subcultures are developed in an organization due to geographical or departmental differences. It reflects the common goal and problems experienced by different groups of people.