Child Infant Interaction During The First Year Of Life

Gender socialization is learning expected behaviors about one’s own sex based on society norms. Gender socialization has great impact on the health of both men and women. In our society, the assigned gender roles when adhered strictly can be detrimental to the overall mental and physical of health status of people. If males and females has to live within the society construct of what the roles of the genders should be, then there is great danger of not living a fulfil lives if one deviates from the assigned roles that the society demands.

“The relationship between mothers and infants is critical for child development. For whatever reason, in some cases, that relationship doesn’t develop normally. Neglect and abuse can result, with devastating effects on a child’s development” (Strathearn, 2008)

A mother’s ability to attune, regulate, and respond to an infant has considerable developmental and interpersonal consequences (Bowlby 1988; Shapiro 2012). Repeated proximity-seeking behaviors with primary caregivers lay the foundation for individual strategies that assist in the regulation of emotions and the ability to form intimate bonds (Marmarosh & Tasca, 2013). One’s experiences early on in life create the foundation from which we form our perceptions of self and others, and are associated with the development of neural pathways in the brain that control responses to stress (Marmarosh & Tasca, 2013), and influence future relationships and attachments in adulthood (Snyder, Shapiro, & Treleaven, 2012).

In addition to physical neglect, children of substance abusing parents often experience emotional problems. They show high rates of emotional problems compared to their peers (” Understanding the Diverse Needs of Children whose Parents Abuse Substances” 5). The emotional problems that those children experience include: depression, fear, anxiety, mistrust, confusion, eating disorders, mood disorders, and lower self-esteem (“Effects of Parental Substance Abuse on Children and Families” 2). Those emotional problems may be the result of parental neglect or prenatal substance exposure. As studies found out, prenatal substance exposure is associated with emotional and psychological problems of the children (Smith and Wilson 2). Children who grow

It is no surprise that a parent’s mental health and behavior can have an effect on a developing infant’s ability to grow an attachment and a bond with said parent. This holds especially true for the bond between the mother and the infant, be it that on average the mother-infant dyad spends the most one-on-one time together comparatively. According to Raval and colleagues (2001), a parent’s state of mind influences their sensitivity in caregiving behavior, which then has an effect on the child’s attachment pattern/strategy. There are a wide variety of other factors that can have an effect on an infant’s developing attachment style, such as parental states of mind, parental attunement and attentiveness, genetic predisposition, prenatal

The first stage can also be called the prenatal stage. It covers the growth of the child from conception to birth. At this stage, most of the organs are developed. The child acquires his/her food from the mother through the placenta. These food nutrients come through the blood stream. An alcoholic or smoking mother may pass some traces of the drugs to the child. These traces can alter the process of child development significantly. At the second stage of 0 to 12 months, the child still depends entirely on the mother 's care. A drug addict mother may expose the infant to a lot of dangers. Lastly from one year to preschool and later the child can now be left in the hands of the caregiver and later may start school. Drug addicted parents affect these stages of development differently.

Early attachment of infants to their caregivers is important in that it establishes trust, security, resiliency and give infants reassurance that they will be cared for. Parents (or caregivers) are infants’ first teachers, and creating a strong, healthy attachment is an important aspect in a child’s intellectual and physical development. Most importantly, I believe that the bond between the infant and caregiver also serves as a foundation that guides an infant’s emotional and social development. In my opinion, the quality of the bond created will have an effect on the infant’s parenting skills once he or she becomes a parent. Children learn not only through observing behaviors and imitation, but they also absorb information through their experiences

Another study that showed a positive result that occurred when a women was the pregnant women. In this study it cited pregnancy and the birth of a their child as the motivator to seek help and receive treatment, (Best, Segal, & Day, 2009). Many of the effects that occur are the result of the mother’s use of drugs and possibly alcohol during pregnancy they can range in developmental problems from physical, cognitive, socio-emotional, and behavioral but in some cases it’s the impaired parenting seen in substance –abusing mothers. Common effects on physical health include low birth weight, physical withdrawal, obstetrical complications, irritability, growth retardation, sleeping, and eating problems, (Carlson, 2006).

16). When a mother is an active state of drug addiction it puts her child at a higher risk of psychological problems. A study has shown that the children don’t get medical treatment for the first two years of their lives, which is only the start of the maltreatment that they suffer (Callaghan, Crimmins, & Schweitzer, 2010, p. 223). Suchman (2010), states that “Parenting problems observed during the children’s first three

Throughout the research I have analyzed, it is clearly evident that parental addiction highly affects children. Berends, Ferris, and Laslett’s (2011) study discovered that of their 2,649 survey responses, one-third were affected “a lot” by the “problematic drinker” (p. 300). From as early as prenatal substance exposure to their young adult home environment, a child’s developmental experience is negatively influenced by parental addiction (Salo and Flykt, 2013). As stated in The Impact of Parental Addiction on Childhood Development, “[c]ompared to children of parents who do not abuse alcohol or drugs, children

Childhood trauma of mother. The internal model of attachment in the birth mother as assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview is correlated with the identified security of attachment in the infant (Main, Kaplan, Cassidy, 1985; Posada, Waters, Crowell, & Lay, 1995; van IJzendoorn, 1995). Issues of unresolved loss and trauma, that are translated into frightened or frightening parental behavior in the caregiver-infant dyad, are of most concern (Carlson, 1998; Main & Hesse, 1990; van IJzendoorn, Schuengel, & Bakersman, 1999). These tend to lead to disoriented and/or disorganized attachment. Contextual and environmental factors. The caregiving system established by the dyadic relationship is affected by other demands on the caregiver (Solomon

Providing the best child care is a universal interest of all parents in the world. As the consequences, some of the parents even move to different countries, where to have a better education system for their child. They might have different ways to devote in child rearing but all agree to sacrifice themselves for the best for their child the best care, education, comfortable environment for education and growth development. And this parenting is an undeniable nature of human being. Unfortunately, there are researches finding parents with substance abuse has a tendency to abuse their child and fail to support great environment for the child.

Infants are a special cohort of a population in the society. Children between the ages of five months to two years are at a stage where they start familiarizing with their surroundings and have different reactions to situations. The surrounding where an infant grows greatly determines his or her development. The primary determinant of the development of infants is the parent-infant interaction (Crain, 2015). The first bond or relation of a child is with its biological parents or guardians in the case of orphaned children.

Your psychosocial development question, I believe, is an essential matter regarding an infant’s development. Likewise, I found all of your questions to be articulated and thoughtful. Back to the question at hand regarding an infant’s psychosocial development. In your hypothetical question, it seems that the infant is displaying two forms of an emotional reaction to the nature of social environments: stranger anxiety and social referencing. Both of which are normal emotional reactions to strange surroundings and the strangers found within it.

Experimental data suggest that the past experiences of the mother are a major determinant in molding her care-giving role. Children use adults, especially loved and powerful adults, as models for their own behaviour. Children development literature, states that the powerful process of imitation or modelling socially inclines children. Kennell and Klaus explain that unless adults consciously and painstakingly reexamine these learned behaviours, they will unconsciously repeat them when they become parents (Kennell and Klaus 11). Thus the way a woman was raised, which includes the practices of her culture and the individual idiosyncrasies of her own mother's child raising practices greatly influences her behaviour toward her own infant. Bob Brazelton in The Early Mother-Infant Adjustment says that, "It may seem to many that attachment to a small baby will come naturally and to make too much of it could be a mistake... but there are many, many women who have a difficult time making this adjustment...(Brazelton 10). He points out that we must understand the ingredients of attachment in order to help, because each mother-child dyad is unique and has individual needs of it's own (Brazelton 12).