Children's Depression Inventory Paper

Depression is pervasive in both mental health and medical settings. In the US, the number of discharges with major depressive disorder as first-listed diagnosis was estimated 395,000 for 2010. The CDC also cites the percentage of persons 12 years of age and older with depression in any 2-week period at an estimated 8% between 2007-2010 (CDC, 2015). The American Psychiatric Associates guidelines on treatment of Major Depressive Disorder recommend the ongoing monitoring of symptoms among patients. Specifically, the APA recommends “systemically assessing symptoms of illness and the effects of treatment”. Consideration is given to matching clinical observations with clinician and/or patient administered rating scale measurements for initial and ongoing evaluation (American Psychiatric Association,

Today schools are taking a much more effective role in detection of depression in the younger generations. Because school is like work for adults and is where children spend most of their days, I thought it would be appropriate to discuss a model developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner and Morris in 1979, which addresses the totality of the child’s life up to the present moment. This model gave school counselors a tool to work from while assessing the children. This model puts every aspect of the disorder on a continuum that professionals can use as a guide during questioning and diagnosis. Due to the fact that depression is hard to detect in young children, this process allows the counselor to see all symptoms present even if they don’t fit the DSM IV criteria to comprise a diagnosis. The Ecological Model takes a look at the child as a whole. This includes, home,

The Beck Depression Inventory- Second Edition (BDI-II) is a 21-item mental health instrument for assessing the occurrence and severity of depression in adults and adolescents, 13 years and older (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996, pg. 1). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) includes: depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, weight loss, insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue or loss of energy, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt. The BDI-II accurately portrays questions addressing these diagnostic features within the instrument. The face validity shows the test is transparent and purports to measure what it claims. For example, question

In this sample, scale internal consistency was high (Cronbach α = .89). The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) (Kovacs, 1992), which is a widely used measure with good test-retest reliability and validity in clinical and community-based samples, was used to measure depressive symptoms among children. In this sample, scale reliability was high (Cronbach α = .82). Moreover, measures were pretested with a similar population for the higher reliability and validity.

So what are we looking for? Grab a pen; this is important information. The depressive symptoms can include excessive guilt, extreme fatigue,, anhedonia, and reduced cognitive abilities. So why are these the most useful markers associated with preschool depression? This markers help distinguish between depression and other early-onset psychiatric disorders. Some people don’t know this but the environment plays a big role in children; what they see affects them emotionally. Imagine this, young sally just turn 4 years old, one night she hears her parents fighting, she gets up walks towards the door confused. She opened the door just in time to see her father hit her mom. She runs away feeling guilty like this could have been her fault. The

Depression is a mood disorder which causes persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest; affecting how you feel, think, behave and can ultimately lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. “Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. In 2014, around 15.7 million adults age 18 or older in the U.S. had experienced at least one major depressive episode in the last year, which represented 6.7 percent of all American adults. At any point in time, 3 to 5 percent of adults suffer from major depression; the lifetime risk is about 17 percent. As many as 2 out of 100 young children and 8 out of 100 teens may have serious depression.” (ADAA, 2017) Depression is the leading cause of disability in the US.

The Children’s Depression Inventory measures child depression, but is not a diagnostic tool. It has only been around since 1992, but it has been updated once since then. There are many paraprofessionals and professionals who are allowed to administer the test, but there are still qualifications past that for whoever does end up giving the test. There are four versions of the test, two for the child to self-report, one for a parent to report on the child, and one for a teacher to report on the child. There are two options for ways to take any of these four versions: paper and pencil or software. The scoring forms are either attached to the response form for the paper and pencil version or the responses are automatically scored on the

According to the DSM-5, the main feature of mood disorders is a disturbance of mood. One of the most highly prevalent mood disorders is Major Depressive Disorder, an often chronic and severe disorder. It is considered a recurrent disorder when not chronic, where clients remit from depressive episodes and symptoms go away for a period of time but may return at a later time as part of the same depressive episode, or otherwise recovering from a treated episode but a new episode recurs later in the future (Hollon, Stewart & Strunk, 2006). The current criteria used to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are as follows; five or more of these symptoms must be present over a consecutive 2 week period, characterised as a major depressive episode (MDE) and must be a change from previous functioning, including insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, recurrent thoughts of death and/or suicide, significant unusual weight or appetite loss, reduced ability to think and concentrate. Furthermore, either one of these following two or both symptoms are a must; depressed mood or diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities. Children may have irritable moods rather than depressed. Furthermore, depressed people report less enjoyment in social interactions and lesser social contact than non-depressed people, supported by research showing that depressed people have social cognition deficits whereby they have difficulty navigating their social environment and impaired interpersonal functioning (Bora & Berk,

In an effort to explore further research on the use of the BDI-II on a sample population closer to that in which I will be working, I selected a journal article that details the study of the BDI-II’s ability to assess depression among Mexican-American youth. VanVorrhis & Blumentritt (2007) examined the internal consistency reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and factor structure of the BDI-II in a sample of 131 Mexican-American youth residing in a residential treatment facility, juvenile correction facility, or an alternate education facility in an effort to provide support for the use of the BDI-II as an effective measure of depression for this sample. The results of the study allow the researchers to conclude that “the BDI-II is a psychometrically sound and useful measure of depressive symptomology for Mexican American adolescents” (VanVorrhis & Blumentritt, 2007, pg.795). Although this appears to be a positive conclusion, the researchers do warn that great care be taken when interpreting the data from the study for various reasons, most notably because of the small sample size used that is not representative of the general adolescent Mexican-American population; therefore the researchers were not able to generalize their findings (VanVorrhis & Blumentritt, 2007). What the study does provide is “preliminary support for the use of the BDI-II with Mexican

The primary and secondary outcomes of interest in this study are respectively depression and anxiety (in children. Depression in children will be measured at the beginning of the study and every three weeks up to three weeks after the intervention (6 measurements in total) using the center for epidemiological studies of depression scale for children (CES-DC). The CES-DC was developed in 1986 and has widely been used around the world for depression screening in children. One of its strengths is that it is short and is suitable to any continent. It psychometric properties are: internal reliability .86, test retest reliability .85, area under ROC curve .825,

The most current version of a standardized psychological test that will be used in my future practice will be the Children’s Depression Inventory 2. The purpose of the test is to identify symptoms of depression in children and adolescents. According to the Multi-Health Systems (MHS) 2004-2014, the standardization sample and age range for the test to be apply is for children ranging from the age of 7 to 17 years old. A study using the test was done to 1,100 children from 26 different states in the U.S. Thus the study was consistent in relations to age and masculinity. With that said, the experiment involved a selection of environmental locations of all four key areas of the U.S. Furthermore, Twenge & Nolen-Hoeksema (2002) the study demonstrated

The researchers advance the scientific knowledge base by adding to the current knowledge, contributed to the theory, and met the qualifications for a valuable research (Capella, 2016). According to Reising et al., (2016), the study was to address parental depression, social economic status (SES), and community disadvantage for internal and external issues in children and adolescents. Also, taking to account that parental negligence is also a factor that is connected to the internal and external problems in children and adolescents. In addition, concurring to the previous research (Fear, et al., 2009) (Flynn & Rudolph 2011), (Lewis, Collishaw, Thapar, & Gordon, 2014), (McCarthy, Downes, & & Sherman), & (Sondheimer, MD, 2010), all came into

This widely used 21-item self-report inventory measures depression in adolescents and adults. Aaron Beck created this self-report inventory in 1961; it was later revised in 1996. The questionnaire consists of 21 questions, each having a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity. Each answer is scored on a scale from zero (symptoms not present) to 3 (symptoms very intense). Total scores can be from zero to 63, higher total scores indicate more severe depression symptoms. A person experiencing minimal depression is expected to score between zero and 13, where an individual with symptoms of severe depression is expected to score between 29 and 63. Items on the questionnaire include feelings of sadness, feeling like a failure, disappointment, sleep loss, and appetite loss. A limitation of this self-report measurement is that scores can be easily minimized. The BDI-II (Beck, 1996) is highly correlated with the Hamilton Depression Scale (Hamilton, 1960); it also has a high test-retest reliability and high internal

The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) is a 27 item questionnaire designed to measure the degree of depressive symptoms a child may be experiencing (reviewed by Fránová, Lukavský, and Preiss, 2008). The age group appropriate for the CDI is 7 to 17 years. The 27 items included in the CDI are divided into five subscales: scale A: negative mood; scale B: interpersonal problems; scale C: ineffectiveness; scale D: anhedonia; and scale E: negative self-esteem. The CDI is a widely used instrument and its validity and reliability have been repeatedly validated by researchers.

In our study, depression, anxiety and emotional problems were considered as psychiatric disorders. Based on our results, the SRH was recognized, as the main variable for predicting depressive disorders in Iranian children and adolescents. Overall, few studies were performed on SRH in the literature [56] but these findings are consistent with our study. In a study between 1,027 adolescents aged 16–17 years in the Canadian National Population Health Survey (CNPHS), the social, demographic and health outcomes have been examined, during 10 years,