Introduction
Culture is a set of values that are ingrained in human beings from birth. They define our actions, our view of what is good, fair, and just, and shape the way we live our lives. The definition of cross-cultural values and beliefs is that of where people from different countries or regions interact, bringing their different values, viewpoints, and practices unique to their culture (Dictionary, 2017). In this literature review, we will analyze the differences between Chinese and Western culture in child rearing, with a focus on the impact of cultural values on parents and/or teachers’ socialization efforts, how children accommodate or resist those socialization efforts, and finally, we will discuss the implications for parents and teachers.
Socializing behavior is defined as behavior enacted towards children, or in the presence of children, to induce or shape their behavior or understanding of behavior (LeCuyer & Zhang, 2015).
The impact of cultural values on parents and/or teachers’ socialization efforts
The Chinese culture is known for its collectivism with focus on group success over personal success, and hierarchal authority where children are expected to obey parents, teachers, and other authorities in power. This style is characterized by attempts to shape and control the child according to absolute standards, with a high value of obedience to authoritative figures (Lieber, Fung, Wing-Leung Leung, 2006). Chinese people, in general, are more willing to
In discussions about raising children in different cultures between Chinese and Western families, Chinese mothers and Western mothers raise their children differently from each other. Amy Chua, in her essay entitled “How Chinese Mothers Are Superior,” argues that Chinese mothers are extremely more strict and harsh when it comes to parenting their children’s self-esteem while Chinese mothers do not while they assume “strength, not fragility” from their children. She also believes that it is necessary to limit the children in their daily lives in order to achieve greatness and honor to their family. Amy Chua is led to this conclusion due to research and examples of her own life as a Chinese daughter as well. My own view on the issue is that Chinese
In “Adapted from Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother” author Amy Chua argues that, instead of constantly praising a child for the slightest success, parents should only expect perfection from their children and nothing less. She explains that Western parents are not as strict on their children as Chinese parents are. That Western parents don’t believe in stressing educational success and that education should be something fun. In contrast, Chinese parents believe that academic success is very important and to get good at something it takes practice and hard work which may not seem fun at first but in the long run the activity becomes fun once mastered. Chua also believes that Chinese parents can get away with things that Western parents cannot such as calling their child garbage after being misbehaved. Chua states three main differences between Western parents and Chinese parents.
Chinese parents and American parents differ substantially in their parenting styles, and a noticeable difference can be seen in the success of their children. The children of Chinese parents often excel in various areas, including in their educational, musical, and professional lives. The children of American parents, however, usually have a harder time excelling in those areas. Chinese parents and American parents hold opposing philosophies about how they view their children, opposing
“In one study of 50 Western American mothers and 48 Chinese immigrant mothers, almost 70% of the Western mothers said either that ‘stressing academic success is not good for children’ or that ‘parents need to foster the idea that learning is fun.’ By contrast, roughly 0% of the Chinese mothers felt the same way. Instead, the vast majority of the Chinese mothers said that they believe their children can be ‘the best’ students, that ‘academic achievement reflects successful parenting,’ and that if children did not excel at school then there was ‘a problem’ and parents ‘were not doing their job.’ … Chinese parents spend approximately ten times as long every day drilling academic activities with their children. By contrast, Western kids are
Raising children is something the vast majority of the human race will challenge themselves with at some point. How to raise children is a common issue but nonetheless a sensitive and a conscious one. Should you strictly and authoritatively lead your children the way because you love them? Or should you – with the same reason in mind – give them space to follow their own passion and make their own individual choices. The Wall Street Journal publishes the article Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior in which Amy Chua composes a persuasive essay where she argues in favour of an authoritative upbringing. Her comment on the issue is characterised by a provocative language and a creates a contrast between the so-called
Questions have been raised on whether Chinese parenting raises more flourishing children than Western parenting. Despite what people think, in Amy Chua's essay “The Roar of the Tiger Mom”, she portrays the differences between the beliefs of Chinese parenting and Western parenting. Chua introduces the views of a Chinese parent compared to the views of a Western parent. The methods used by Chinese mothers in raising their children are drastically different from Western mothers. Each defends their methods and believes the other group is doing their job poorly. In the end, both types of parents just want one thing-- successful children.
Children in Ancient China had different expectations laid out for them, mostly dependent on gender and age. One of the most important values instilled in children was respect. Children were expected to respect authority figures above all, but also to respect those in their immediate family. Religion and philosophies in Ancient China played a major role in what was expected of Chinese children. Expectations also varied depending on the child’s social status. Confucianism in particular is acknowledged as the major influence in the daily lives of Chinese people, but especially children.
The greatest principle is to maintain harmonious relationships with all. Therefore, the Asian culture, especially the Chinese society, stresses the cultural notion of training. Chinese parenting is often misunderstood because it is frequently viewed as restrictive, controlling and authoritarian. Chinese children are expected to have unquestionable obedience to parents. Chinese American parents maintain the concept of chiao shun, which means, “training”. The process of child rearing is to train a child through education and teachings. The reason why parents have an obligation to train their child is further explained in the scholarly journal, Beyond Parental Control and Authoritarian Parenting Style: Understanding Chinese Parenting through the Cultural Notion of Training, it is “To adhere to socially desirable and culturally approved behavior.”(Chao, 1994, pg. 1112) Child rearing/Training is done by exposing children to proper behavior and regulating exposure to unacceptable behavior. Training is not restricting, it is actually supportive, involves physical availability of parents, and fulfils a child's basic everyday needs. Mothers are usually the ones who create a close relationship with their child though. The other concept, guan is “to govern” but it also means “to care for/to love”. As a Chinese parent it is a social requirement to be able to govern one's child. The reason that a parent/teacher must have control over their kid is to teach them respect and allegiance. The standard of Chiao shun and guan are set in place and carried out by the Asian society and by Asian American parents. The main purpose of the misinterpreted Asian styles of parenting is not for utter dominance but instead for the integrity of the family and to sustain social
Because America is such a diverse country, there are many differences between cultures of various immigrant groups. Members of each culture, have their own beliefs and values regarding what they think is right. The cultural diversity allows for each person to have a different view of things. Amy Chua’s essay “Why Chinese Mothers are Superior,” she describes her way of parenting her two daughters following Chinese values about education. She explains how Western parents are much more lenient than Chinese parents with their children and education. Chua gives examples of how she raised her daughter Lulu and Sophia which lead them to achieve success. She makes comparisons between Western and Chinese parenting styles throughout the essay and concludes that both types of parents want the best for their children, but just approach parenting it in different ways. In the article, “Chinese vs Western Mothers: Q&A with Amy Chua,” Amy Chua is interviewed by Belinda Luscombe where she clarifies how her Chinese method of parenting did not hurt her children the way many readers thought it did. Chua explains that her relationship with her two daughters is very strong and believes there are many effective ways of parenting in addition to the Chinese approach. Chua’s essay shows the Chinese immigrant approach to parenting and gives insight into why so many children of Chinese parents are so successful. Discussing the cultural differences shows the risk of stereotyping groups where feelings
How bitter the words were! If a child never get mother’s acclaim and encouragement, how sorrowful one’s heart feels! Here comes a contrasting comparison of western and Chinese parenting—western parents encourage and praise their child much more often than Chinese parents do. This encouragement helps them create new ideas, independent opinions, developing unique and sparkling characters. Whereas Chinese parents believe in the old saying, “a strict teacher produces outstanding students”, strictness and criticism are important educating guide lines for Chinese parents, which results in obedience and collectivism, compromise, no psyche and no guts to say no. But on the other hand, Chinese do behave better in harsh and high-pressured condition due to their strict training in childhood.
Chinese parents that have immigrated to the United States from China are known to have an Authoritative approach to child-rearing. In a study done by Cindy Lin, parents from China (Taiwan), immigrant Chinese living in America, and American parent’s child-rearing practices were compared. In her study she found that Chinese parents tend to control their children more than American Parents, as well as be less
Parenting styles have been widely defined by Baumrind into three categories, authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. Parenting styles can be defined as a pattern of attitudes in how parents choose to express and communicate with their children. These styles are categorized based on the level of nurturance, parental control and level of responsiveness (Dwairy, 2004). Authoritative style exhibits high levels of demand, responsiveness and nurturance; authoritarian style exhibits high levels of demand but low levels of responsiveness, permissive style exhibits low levels of demand but high in responsiveness and nurturance (Dwairy, 2004). These parenting styles have been proposed to have a significant impact on a child’s
Attempting to keep a child's self-esteem high also gets in the way raising them to excellence. Western parents are constantly worrying about how their child’s feelings will be affected by whether they fail or succeed, so they are always telling them they did good no matter how well they actually did. Chinese parents are the exact opposite in this situation, how they will treat their child depends on how well they performed. If their child did poorly they will bluntly tell them that they need to improve because they believe they can. Not only do Chinese parents not worry about their child's self-esteem, but they actually believe that insulting their child will not bring them down, but it will only make them more driven to succeed and receive praise. They think that the child should be constantly wanting to achieve
For as long as humans have existed, there has been the practice of two members of the human species coming together to raise their offspring. This practice is commonly known as parenting and over the course of the millenniums several styles or, ways of parenting have emerged from different cultures. The focus of this paper will be over two distinct styles of parenting: Chinese-style parenting and Western-style parenting. These two styles can be compared to the parenting style described by Psychologist Diana Baumrind; equating Chinese-style to Authoritarian parenting and Western-style to Authoritative parenting. With Chinese-style being shown as similar to a dictatorship and Western-style being shown as more of a democracy. As a result, Chinese parents believe Western-style is weaker, for focusing on a child’s emotional and mental well-being and allowing children to be independent and respected, but it can also be said these are Western parenting strongest points.
In striking contrast, hardly any parent would pick up children in Japan where the urban morphology, traffic condition, population and so on are the very image of China. Instead, Japanese children go to school and return home on foot in a well-ordered way. “They go to the nearest school with walking time from 15 minutes to 20 minutes. Besides, students would form a small group spontaneously to accompany each other. ” (Pei Jun) As reported by the Global Times, the 24th edition. There is no doubt that Japan has done a great job since they take some effective measures already.