Chromatography Lab Report

The chromatography paper used for each of the beakers would have to be the same because different chromatography papers may contain different amounts of cellulose, which would vary how attracted the solvent is to the paper. The amount of time allowed for the dyes to travel also has to be the same for each solvent in order to obtain accurate Rf values for comparison. Conclusion: Molecules that are attracted to one another are best separated by water (solvent). The Rf values were 0.813

Pigments extracted from different greens have different polarities and may be different colors. Mixed pigments can be separated using chromatography paper. Chromatography paper is able to separate mixed pigments due to their polarity and solubility. Pigments of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and beta carotene will be separated on chromatography paper because each has its own polarity and solubility, which results in different distance traveled up the paper. Beta carotene is non-polar so it travels the highest distance, followed by chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b is the most polar; therefore, it travels the shortest distance. The separated pigments on the chromatography paper can be eluted in acetone and absorbance spectrum is

Objective In this combinatorial experiment, an acid and alcohol were used as reactants in order to produce esters. In order to determine the acid and alcohol used in the reaction, gas chromatography and the smell of the esters formed were used to determine the acid and alcohol. Raw Data Experiment 1 (CA1 with 2 alcohols) and Experiment 2 (CA2 with 2 Alcohols) were performed in this lab. Table 1: Physical Observations of Products Formed in Each Experiment Experiment Number Product Forms Physical Observations 1 2 Smell of cinnamon 2 2 Smell of artificial fruit/candy 3 2 Smell of strawberries 4 2

The purpose of this experiment was to learn about the analytical method known as chromatography which allows the separation of a mixture into its molecular components. In order to illustrate this technique the pigments found in the leaves of spinach were separated by means of thin layer chromatography (TLC). All chromatographic techniques have one principle in common; a liquid or gaseous solution of sample, called the moving phase, is passed (moved) through an adsorbent, called a stationary phase. With TLC the adsorbent of choice was one of the most common coatings, silica gel, SiO2. This compound is polar, and therefore, is frequently used in the separation of polar substances such as aldehydes, ketones, amines and carboxylic acids.

Next, the red and purple dyes were obtained. Using 2 clean toothpicks, the chromatography strips were spotted by placing the toothpick into a dye and then touch the tip gently onto the designated pencil dot. The sample was allowed to dry. The spotting steps were repeated 2 to 3 more times to increase the concentration of

In order to obtain the photosynthetic pigment’s absorption spectra the pigments are separated using paper chromatography. Paper chromatography is an analytical technique that separates a mixture based on the individual pigment’s size, polarity and solubility (Lewis, 2004). The separation of the mixtures involves a stationary phase (the chromatography paper), which a mobile phase (solvent) moves up through. When the mixtures is applied to the paper and allowed to flow with the mobile phase, the different pigments move at different rates (Campbell, 1996). This means the pigments that absorb the strongest to the stationary phase (the chromatography paper) will move the slowest, while the weakest will move the fastest. The rate of the pigments movement will separate each pigment individually from the mixture (Maitland, 2002). This natural separation shows that each pigment is chemically different and plays different roles in photosynthesis (Maitland, 2002).

Chromatography works on the basis that different molecules have different polarities. By allowing molecules to travel through a polar surface, it is not surprising that molecules will different polarities will travel a different amount. The substance, or stationary phase, that the molecules will be traveling through in this experiment was water. The water was bonded to the paper via hydrogen bonding, so it appears as if the paper acts as the stationary phase^3.

In this investigation, we are trying to find how far each of the dye traveled on the chromatography paper. In the solvent with the blue dye, the solvent traveled 97mm and the blue dye traveled 81mm. In the solvent with the yellow dye, the solvent traveled 97mm and the yellow dye traveled 70mm. The percent error of the solvent front is 5.8%. The percent error of the distance traveled by the blue dye is 16%. The percent error of the distance traveled by the yellow dye is 26%. The percent error of the retardation factor of the blue dye is 11%.

There are multiple reasons that the solvent front should not reach the top of the chromatography paper. If the solvent and therefore the compounds reach the top of the paper, then the compounds will begin to diffuse at the top of the paper because the solvent has nowhere else to go and gathers at the top of the paper. The diffusion of the compounds could, in theory,

In the experiment conducted, paper was used as the stationary phase, and chromatography solvent was used as the mobile phase. With the help of chromatography paper and chromatography, three types of pigments were found in the plant.

What do the Rf values reveal and conclusion The Rf Values highlight that the separate of chlorophyll evidently works better on Paper chromatography due to the polar and nonpolar molecules and depends on how soluble and less soluble the compounds are as polar molecules only dissolve in polar solvents and nonpolar only dissolve in nonpolar solvents this could be why the chlorophyll didn’t travel as far on the silica plate due to the certain solvent what was used. Additionally, as the solvent reaches an area that contains the plant pigment, it dissolves in and moves with the solvent up the chromatogram plate with the solvent. The solvent carries the dissolved pigments as it increasingly moves up the plate. However, separation occurs due to pigments of the chlorophyll having a different solubility, so the chlorophyll pigments travel at different rates the less soluble pigments will move slowly up the plate whereas the more soluble will travel at a quicker pace and is known as developing a chromatogram. Revealing why the chlorophyll didn’t travel along the

There are a variety of methods that may be performed when interpreting the different food dyes that are used when creating colored candies such as paper chromatography. For instance, if one wants to know how M&Ms get their different colored shells would it be valid to use paper chromatography to come up with a reasonable solution? The purpose of this experiment is to physically separate the different dyes that are used to create the variety of M&M colors while using paper chromatography. Lastly, the experiment results were satisfactory, but were not 100% accurate. Paper chromatography does indeed separate mixtures, but this method is not the most reliable technique.

Retention time is the time required to elute a solute to a maximum from a column. It indicate how long it takes for a chemical compound to come out of the HPLC column. In HPLC chromatography, the polar solvent will be attracted to a polar solute that bound to the stationary phase. The polar solvent compete with stationary phase for the bound state. Therefore, the higher the polarity of the solute, the more easily it being affected by the solvent.

1.1.1.3 Separations Based on Polarity The arrangement of the atoms along with their in-between bonds, determine the structure and physicochemical properties of an organic molecule and with the presence of a particular atomic arrangement in a molecule, known as "functional group", the properties, chemical reactions and the polarity of that molecule can be predicted, making the classification of the organic molecules based on their principle functional group possible. Based on polarity for performance of a separation, by the nature and location of the functional group in molecules, their chromatographic retention can be determined and by ordering the molecules into a spectrum according to their polarity in chromatography, a range of highly polar to highly non-polar molecules can be shown (Figure 1.3). In chromatographic separations based on the polarity,

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to identify components within a compound and determine the compounds purity. The purpose of this experiment is to determine what solvent works the best at separating the different pigments of the paprika extract. The solvents used to develop the plate are hexane and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), as well as three mixtures of the two solutions (5% MTBE in hexane, 10% MTBE in hexane, and 30% MTBE in hexane). Hexane is a non-polar alkane that is used as a solvent for many different things and MTBE is a polar ether that is used as a fuel additive.