Chronic Kidney Disease Case Study

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), also termed as a chronic renal condition, is characterised by kidney damage or a progressive loss of kidney function. This essay will provide an insight of chronic kidney disease including its pathophysiology, symptoms and its five stages of disease progression. The case of Glenda, an Aboriginal woman suffering from end-stage renal failure (ESRF), will be portrayed throughout the assignment. Further, the essay will elaborate different stages of CKD based on the findings of her assessment and describe the overall management of her condition. In addition, Glenda will be involved in the healthcare plan considering her cultural values and personal preference for the effective management of her case. For the management,

Iron Deficiency Anemia affects millions of individuals across the world. This disease strikes many more women than men and has harmful effects on all who suffer from this deficiency that causes oxygen-carrying capacity to decrease. The causes can vary amongst different groups, but the aggravating symptoms remain constant. Much of the research on Iron Deficiency Anemia concentrates on not only the treatment of this disease, but also the prevention of it. To attain a better understanding of how to treat this problem, one must clearly know what Iron Deficiency Anemia means, what causes this disease, the effects of it, and finally how to cure it.

According to the information of Nikoleta’s case, Cooley’s anemia has features that the beta proteins of hemoglobin do not function properly. This is caused my mutations in the beta chain of the hemoglobin molecule. The symptoms of Cooley’s anemia matches the symptoms of Nikoleta. The main reason why giving a high iron formula did the opposite is that the constant buildup of iron causes the symptoms to grow worse, and can even result in heart failure in the future. Cooley’s anemia decrease the red blood cell’s ability to deliver oxygen to certain tissues. The number of red blood cells are high, however, the number of hemoglobin is very

An increased MVC is a sign of a macrocytic anemia and is typically caused by folate and B12 deficiency, liver disease, hemolytic anemias, hypothyroidism, and alcoholism (Medscape, 2015). The risk factors for this type of anemia are the lack of meat and dairy products in one?s diet, intestinal disease, lack of intrinsic factor (IF), medications such as antacids or particular diabetes type II meds, and having an endocrine-related autoimmune disorder (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Her physical exam is negative, her asthma is well controlled, and she had no other complaints. Therefore, according to her physical exam, she appears to be a healthy young female. However, her lab values of Hemoglobin 10, Hematocrit 30.1, and an increased MCV are indicative of B-12 deficiency anemia. According to Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook (2013), mild cases of this type of anemia do not produce many symptoms, therefore, the complete blood count (CBC) usually verifies the diagnosis. The fact that she is vegetarian puts her at an increased risk for B12 deficiency, due to the lack of meat in her diet. Foods that contain B12 are only attained from animals such as meat, dairy, and fish. A deficiency from B12 from deficiency or malabsorption may not manifest for many years (Hunt, Harrington, & Robinson, 2014). The patient states that she does not drink

Hemochromatosis, also called iron overload, is a disease when the body absorbs too much iron from the food we eat and most often affects the liver, heart, pancreas, and skin. It is usually caused by genes in the body that mutate keeping them from working. Some signs and symptoms of this disease are weakness, joint pain, low libido, and/or if the disease has progressed to far diabetes or heart failure. Hemochromatosis is one of the more difficult diseases to diagnose because many symptoms are nonspecific and usually many people don’t show as many symptoms except elevated iron levels in their blood. Most will be treated with blood transfusions until the normal level of iron is reached. If diagnosed early the prognosis is excellent with possible checkups or phlebotomies.

Iron deficiency anemia, one of the most common types of anemia, is a blood disorder where

And another moral that you may learn from hemochromatosis is moderation. There is a point where a plethora of a good nutrient may actually be harmful, such in the case of hemochromatosis. However, the fact that scientists discovered an overload of iron may be dangerous could lead to new studies of nutrient overload. A rare disease known as hypervitaminosis D is caused by the toxicity of vitamin D (The Clinical Resource for Cellular Nutrition & Trace Mineral Analysis). As a future research potential, we can explore other diseases such as hemochromatosis and hypervitaminosis

Iron is an important nutrient because it helps carry oxygen in the hemoglobin in red blood cells around the human body. When a healthy iron supply is reached, the body immediately stops absorbing the nutrient, and just lets it past through the digestive system. However, people with hemochromatosis absorb all the iron from the food consumed, past healthy levels.­­­­­­ All the extra iron spreads throughout the body, and unevitably causes great damage to major organs and almost all other parts of the body. According to Survival of the Sickest, "hemochromatosis can lead to liver failure, heart failure, diabetes, arthritis, infertility, psychiatric disorders,... cancer," and other diseases if left untreated (Maulem

Lactoferrin is a protein that is rich in iron from milk in mammals. In an experiment performed and described in an article, one group of female long distance runners took lactoferrin with an iron supplement for eight weeks, while the control group took iron without the lactoferrin. The experiment concluded that a lower red blood cell count in the control group was counted for than the group that took the lactoferrin with iron. This shows that the lactoferrin with iron helped produce more iron in the body than just iron alone, making a better cure for athletes with anemia (Koikawa, Nagaoka, Yamaguchi, Hamano, Yamauchi, and

An increase in the reticulocyte count 7-10 days after beginning iron therapy can confirm our diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and rule out other causes. The hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, serum iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin values all return to normal at different times, therefore a CBC should be rechecked every 2-3 weeks. Mr. Cox’s

The first step in treating anemia is raising low iron levels. Iron pills may help improve iron and hemoglobin levels. However, for patients on hemodialysis, many studies show pills do not work as well as iron given intravenously.

Markers of iron status suggest a lower prevalence of iron deficiency in the MSC compared to local controls: transferrin saturation <16% = 25% [N=835] vs 47%[N=79] in controls. Moreover, our data suggest that higher iron status (but not iron overload) assessed by transferrin saturation is associated with lower daytime and nocturnal haemoglobin oxygen saturations [36]. Transferrin saturation is not associated with haemoglobin concentrations in SCD cases, compared to a strong correlation in the non-SCA controls, whilst adequate iron status assessed by the F-index (ratio of soluble transferrin receptor to logged ferritin), is paradoxically associated with greatly increased odds of having averaged steady state haemoglobin concentrations in the lowest septile (RR=5.45 [2.71/10.96] P<0.001). Hence iron will not be included in the fortificants of the current intervention.

Due to frequent blood transfusions, people with thalassaemia can be overloaded with iron in their bodies. An excess of iron can result in damage to the heart, liver, and endocrine system so almost all patients with β-thalassaemia major or intermedia require enough iron chelation therapy to prevent the accumulation of potentially lethal iron levels. Other symptoms of the disease include slow growth rates, an enlarged spleen due to the excessive removal of damaged erythrocytes, and an increased risk of infection. Bone deformities may also be a sign as thalassaemia causes an expansion of the bone marrow, making bones brittle and more prone to breaking. More severe forms of the disease are accompanied by mental retardation, dismorphia or premature death.

Yes, her diet could have caused her to be iron deficient, but there are numerous other possible causative agents. If her diet is to blame, then her diet would need to be adjusted – while respecting her religious beliefs. One could ask the patient if her diet could be altered to include the foods that she has omitted, as the Seventh-Day Adventist Church supports doing what’s best for one’s health, including eating red meats and such medical interventions as blood transfusions (James, 2005).

At the end of our 2 weeks of data gathering and completing the study, the group aims to accomplish the following: