Chronic Kidney Disease ( Ckd )

Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemic that affects millions of people. The growth rate of unrecognized pre-diabetes in America is expected to rise up to 52% by 2020 (Lorenzo, 2013). As the prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the complications and burden of the disease. One of the leading causes for cardiovascular disease, renal failure, nontraumatic lower limb amputations, stroke, and new cases of blindness is DM (Lorenzo, 2013).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder and occurs in the elderly population. In younger patients, it

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys

The mainstream availability and introduction of renal replacement therapies such as dialysis has reduced the number of terminal renal failure fatalities, cardiovascular disease no being the leading cause of death among ADPKD progression.

According to National Kidney Foundation (2010), the majority of people with diabetes tend to develop kidney disease. This is probably the result of poor or improper dietary and life-style practices, although genetics seem to be a factor. This makes it the single leading cause of kidney failure. High blood pressure/Hypertension is another pre-disposing factor of kidney failure. This disease is also aggravated by improper dietary and life-style practices. High blood pressure/Hypertension speeds up the loss of kidney function and eventually leads to kidney failure. It also appears to have genetic and familial factors (National Kidney Foundation, 2010).

Kidney failure has spread immensely throughout the United States for the past decade. There are many causes for kidney failure, but the top two in the U.S. are Diabetes and Hypertension. Before this research project, I was not aware of how common Chronic Kidney Disease is amongst us, especially since it ranges from birth to old age. One in 10 adults within the age of 20 or older has been diagnosed with kidney disease in the U.S., (Davita.com). This disease causes a complete lifestyle change and with the right educational tools, diet, compliance, and support from family and friends, the patient should be able to keep living without any complications.

Outcomes of chronic kidney disease include kidney failure, decreased kidney function complications and heart disease. Its recommended to identify persons at risk such as, diabetes, hypertension, family history, those older than 60 years of age, or those with U.S. racial or ethnic minority status). The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) aims to define chronic kidney disease, classify its stages, evaluate laboratory measurements for the clinical assessment; associate the level of kidney function with complications of chronic kidney disease; and stratify the risk for loss of kidney function and development of cardiovascular diseases. Adverse outcomes can often be prevented or delayed through early detection and treatment of chronic kidney disease. Earlier stages of chronic kidney disease can be detected through routine laboratory

Medical History: A 48-year-old Caucasian female, with history of CKD stage 5 in the setting of longstanding insulin dependent diabetes mellitus type 1, presented for evaluation for candidacy for a kidney transplant. The patient has multiple cardiovascular comorbidities including peripheral vascular disease, aortoiliac disease, complications from diabetes including nephropathy, and neuropathy and vascular [_1:14], limited physical capacity.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients

Medical advances of the 21st century have led to longer life expectancies and subsequently more challenges for the health care system as the prevalence of many chronic diseases edge higher in an aging population.(Tonelli) The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) continue to increase posing a significant burden on the public health care system.(Coresh) Between 2007 and 2009, the prevalence of kidney disease among Canadian adults was estimated to be 12.5%, representing nearly 2.4 million patients.(Arora) The number of Canadians being treated for kidney failure has tripled over past 20 years.(CORR)

Obstructive kidney disease is a common clinic complication (Chronic kidney disease in kidney stone formers. Rule AD), corresponding to the major cause of chronic kidney disease in children (Obstructive nephropathy and renal fibrosis. Klahr S). The obstructive nephropathy may be reversible if the obstruction is released in a short period of time. However, the long-term renal dysfunction leads to renal fibrosis and permanent loss of renal function with progression to chronic renal disease (CKD). The kidney obstruction may cause a release of inflammatory mediators, which recruit inflammatory cells to the site and affects tubular and interstitial cells that may lead to apoptosis, to activation or either to proliferation of fibroblasts, which produce

Mr. Armstrong being 76-years-old likely plays a factor in his diagnosis, considering that acute renal failure is most common amongst the elderly (Singh, Levy, & Pusey 2013). Mr. Armstrong’s history of uncontrolled hypertension is likely due to primary hypertension, which is sustained increases in blood pressure due to genetics combined with environmental factors that increase vascular tone and blood volume (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014). “Increased vascular volume is related to a decrease in renal excretion of salt, often referred to as a shift in the pressure-natriuresis

One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.