Chronic Kidney Disease

As future pharmacists, we are going to face with not only the medications but also the patients, which the former ones are our tools while the latter ones are the people we use correct tools to care about. We are required to combine our pharmacy knowledge among medications with patients’ different health conditions to create the patient-centered care and provide the best outcomes. However, this care trend is in transition now, from professional-orientated to patient-centered.

As expert on drugs, it is the responsibility of pharmacist to make drug related intervention when necessary. When on rounds, the rest of the team ask drug related questions from the pharmacist and expect the pharmacist to make recommendations especially on antibiotics stewardship, renal dosing, pharmacokinetics, and pain management. While on rounds, I witnessed pharmacist answer to such call. With less than a year of classes left before I start my APPE, I hope to consolidate on my previous pharmacotherapy knowledge and make valuable improvement in my problem solving skills and critical thinking

African Americans experience higher rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) than do whites. Since the late 1970s, the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has increased at a fourfold higher rate among African-American individuals, compared with white individuals. Suggested explanations for this racial disparity include lower socioeconomic status among African Americans, higher prevalence and greater severity of diabetes mellitus and hypertension among African Americans, and increased inherited susceptibility of African Americans to kidney damage. (National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2014)

Chronic kidney disease is that is a decline in the function of the of the renal system due that can be measured by the glomerular filtration rate. Long term complication can lead to end stage renal failure which places patient to be on long-term dialysis. The incidence of chronic kidney is on a constant rise. The main cause of chronic disease is diabetes in combination with hypertension. In the United States, there are an estimated 25 million people who have been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the prevalence is especially high among the elderly with approximately ten million cases in those over the age of 77. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical presentation of chronic kidney disease and describe potential factors that may impact the diagnosis and include treatment options.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10% of the adult population and this number is trending upward due to increasing prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and obesity (Lopez-Vargas et al., 2013). Individuals with CKD are required to invest immense time and effort into managing their health such as, attending appointments, modifying their diet, and managing their medications. This can have a great impact on all aspects of people 's lives physically / mentally / socially. This essay will analyse the issues related to these concepts. People with CKD have a vast range of needs, such as emotional support, continuing education, dialysis, as well as traditional basic care . Due to the complexity of this environment, it is the responsibility of

"In 2009, there were 116,395 new kidney failure diagnoses, 571,414 people living with kidney failure and 90,118 deaths among people with kidney failure ". (1) Renal failure is a type of disease that happened to kidneys and prevent them from working properly. Renal failure can occur as an acute or chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure describes abnormal kidneys structure and loss of kidneys function. It is often accompany with other conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it can be unrecognized because of the existence of other diseases and lack of symptoms.(2) In fact, chronic renal failure happened and developed slowly in three stages, which are diminished renal reserve, renal insufficiency, and end stage renal disease.

As someone who has personally seen family members and friends be afflicted by sickness and various diseases, I can understand how important it is to have a reliable and caring pharmacist who can educate people on how to utilize their prescribed medications and help individuals choose their preferred method of medication application. These types of qualities are more commonly known as patient-centered care which embraces three major ideas: collaboration, communication, and documentation. Collaboration would be when I, the pharmacist, would work with family members or friends, doctors, or anyone else involved in the healthcare system along with the patient in order to decide upon which method would be the most effective and comfortable for the patient to do. The next idea, communication, would be when I, the pharmacist, would communicate with the patient to help them understand how to properly take the prescribed drug and possible side effects or things they should not do while on the

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time (kidney.org, 2015). Renal failure is a complex and challenging health issue that demands the involvement of both specialists and primary care providers (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar, Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013). In this paper I will discuss what chronic kidney disease is, how it is diagnosed, and what treatment options there are, as well as how potential patient factors can impact diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease.

Diabetes is the leading cause of renal failure in patients starting replacement therapy, the second leading cause is hypertension, followed by glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis (Hinkle & Cheever, 2014).

In the article “Facilitating Change in Medical -Surgical Units Through an Educational Program on Chronic Kidney Disease” by Mary Ann S. Isales, exhibits the concerns of insufficient knowledge regarding with chronic kidney disease among professional medical-surgical nurses. The sole purpose of this article is due to the fact that an experimental analysis by Barrantes discovered that chronic kidney disease has become an extensive health issue; as a result, patient’s mortality has increased by seven folds. Furthermore, another case has a correlation with chronic kidney disease as it unfolds that five percent of hospitalized patients in noncritical areas will result in developing this atrocious condition. In spite of the concerns of obtaining this

The duties of Dr. Abayomi entail performing the optimal pharmaceutical services for the patients at the University of Chicago Hospitals. As a Clinical Staff Pharmacist, his responsibilities include, but are not limited to medication order entering and evaluation of our diverse patients' population. As a drug information specialist, Dr. Abayomi is responsible for disseminating accurate and pertinent drug information to the medical staff; and as a TPN specialist, he is one of the few Pharmacists responsible for providing our patients with excellent nutritional support. Worth mentioning is that Dr. Abayomi enjoys the task of training new pharmacy employees, notably pharmacists, pharmacy students, and pharmacy residents. In addition, Dr. Abayomi

Despite these negative notions, the extension of pharmacist prescribing has nowadays been perceived as generally positive with attitude shifts of health care professionals on pharmacist independent prescribing, supporting by approximately 35% shift of service delivery from doctors to pharmacists in Acute / Foundation Trust (Latter et al., 2010) and the possibly more importantly, acceptance by patients with 87% of patients are satisfied with the consultation with their PIPs (Latter et al.,

CKD is a worldwide public health problem with poor outcomes and high cost.(1) Individuals with CKD are more likely to die of CVD than to develop kidney failure.(28) RI has consistently been found to be an independent risk factor for CVD outcomes and all cause mortality in patients undergoing PCI; it appears that the increased risk is present even with mild reductions in kidney function.(1-4) ACS patients with RI have generally been systemically excluded from large cardiovascular trials.(29) It was perceived that PCI is inappropriately underutilized in ACS patients with concomitant RI.(30) Therefore, with advances in PCI techniques and overall improvements in outcome, we decided to explore the impact of CKD on PCI outcome in a cohort of patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is global health problem with increasing incidence and economic burden every year. CKD is defined as decreased in glomerular filtration rate with albuminuria (Jha et al., 2013). Jha et al., 2013 estimate that the worldwide prevalence of CKD is 8-16% with higher incidence among poorer populations. Among the whole world countries, the highest end stage renal disease prevalence is in Taiwan (Chan et al., 2014). Diabetes mellitus is considered to be the most common cause of chronic renal diseases (Jha et al., 2013). Complications of chronic renal disease include anaemia, mineral and bone disorders, reduced cognitive ability, progression to the end stage renal disease and on top of these complication is increased risk of cardiovascular diseases morbidity and mortality (Jha et al., 2013).