Common Use of Ceramics in Dental and Orthopaedic Applications

If an implant manufacturer opts for a titanium-based coating, it can choose between one that is pure titanium and an alloy that contains 6 percent aluminum and 4 percent vanadium, called Ti-6AI-4V, McCracken said.

A mineral compound known as Hydroxyapatite (HAP) or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is the primary inorganic component of hard tissues, like bones and teeth, found in humans and other vertebrate animals [1]. One of the most known properties of HAP is that it is bioactive. It has the capability to assimilate in bone structures and reinforce bone ingrowth and osseointegration. However, it is thermally unstable and putrefies at temperature ranges between 800C-1200C. Also, the mechanical strength of HAP is not that good making it unsuitable for long-term load bearing applications. [2] It is tough but very brittle and weak in tension [3].

Ceramic Braces- Primarily adults and teens request these braces because they blend in with their natural teeth and are less noticeable than metal braces.

Silicone looks more realistic and also may feel like human flesh. This material can be produced to match patients skin color, can include artificial hair, acrylic nails, moles, freckles and tattoos and covers any metal parts giving a natural feel and look. In addition, there has been a growth in the use of fibrous materials in prosthetic technology such as Kevlar. Kevlar is a cloth like material that is very though. This material is exceptional because of its flexibility, yet, it is durable. Thanks to these new materials the prosthetics do not need to be adjusted or replaced over time as the materials do not stretch, making it long-lasting and well fitted for amputees regardless of age.

Ceramic on UHMWPE is one of the most commonly used alloys in biomedical implant materials. This alloy is used for artificial

This was not a weakness however when singular teeth were produced using porcelain. This was soon perceived and completely misused. As a base material, in any case, it had fallen into offensiveness by the year 1814. More prominent accurancy could be accomplished by hand cutting ivory. Vulcanite had numerous points of interest over every single other material then accessible. It was shoddy and could be effortlessly adjusted to a cast of the mouth, the measurements and surface point of interest of which it could precisely recreate when cured. Endeavors were made to cut modest dentures from wood, which effortlessly worked however unaesthetic and subject to fast fouling in the mouth. Tortoisehell was utilized with some accomplishment around 1850, being formed as later would be celluloid. Its shading was superior to anything vulacanite, however the need to utilize camphor as a plasticizer gave it a

The Chairside Economical Restoration Esthetic Ceramics (CEREC), uses modern technology to create safe, accurate, biocompatible crown, inlays, onlays, veneers, and bridges. This is all completed in one visit to the dentist. It has three main parts to it-the CEREC Acquisition Unit, CEREC Camera, and CEREC Milling Unit. Since 1980, the CEREC has evolved and is the future of dentistry.

HA coated implants are also being used for un-cemented hemiarthroplasty for fracture neck of femur. These implants have shown comparable outcomes to the published data from cemented hemiarthroplasty (Nawaz et al., 2017). These implants have only

Many researchers experimentally worked on hip prosthesis to determine stresses and fatigue life for different prosthesis materials. A brief description on this has been presented in this section. Roy Chowdhury et al. [47] developed an acetabular cup of high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with different percentages of kevlar and carbon fibre by compression molding. For testing the tribological performance of those cups, they also developed a walk simulator.

A major positive correlation was seen between the wear and inclination of the acetabular component with the BHR device (p = 0.01) which was not seen with the ASR device (p = 0.6). This suggests either that the ASR devices have a higher wear rate at all inclinations or that the ‘safe zone’ that escapes edge loading is a lot thinner than that of the BHR device (Underwood et al. 2011).

In many cases of failure of cemented hip joint, delaminating of femoral stem from Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement occurs. This debonding is also associated with the torsional movements of implant. In order to control micro motion, the design of hip prosthesis should be such that it experiences an even distribution of stress avoiding any possible stress concentration, which may cause failure of the joint. Moreover, the bone density and shape around the implant changes due to various loads on the prosthesis. As bone density changes due to uneven distribution of stress, it alters fixation of the implant. Failure may also occur at cement bone interface, thus it is important to analyze interfacial stresses and micro movements. This study

The prosthetics is a recent development because it that is battery powered with a new lightweight composite materials are making prostheses better and easier to use. Materials are much stronger, lighter, and more durable than traditional materials. Silicon-based compounds are used to make artificial arms that are not only softer and more comfortable to wear than the old firm plastic ones, but are also more realistic. Often a person can have a mold made of a remaining limb, and a new one is cast to look just like its twin. These new limbs are also adaptable so they can be changed if the person gains weight or increases his or her level of activity. Further, amputees may have shock absorbers in their new knees, which can be made more and more flexible as they become more adapted to their new leg.

Titanium has played a successful biomaterial in biomedical application especially for orthopedics (bone-anchoring systems), dentistry, drug delivery, and nanotherapeutics in treating bone cancer and arthritis. One of the treatments of bone cancer patients is the replacement of cancerous bone with implant material. The current implant materials have implemented coating technology (such as Calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite) which gives good cytocompatibilty but over the time it gets encapsulated with the surrounding bone cells and lead to poor osseointegration. An augment of current implant material, we used nanotechnology application tailoring nanoscale topography on conventional implant material into TNA by anodization

The objective of this project is to investigate and determine compatible naturally based elements that can potentially replace and be integrated into the bone tissue, for medical purposes. These elements should be similar in characteristic and structure of the bone tissue, so that they can effectively replace the tissue and help stimulate bone growth and cellular growth, in order to maintain bone homeostasis. In order to achieve compatibility, factors such as 3-D polymeric structures within bone scaffolding, cellular composition and many other aspects should be considered within all these plausible elements.

Hydroxyapatite (HA)is one of the essentialbiominerals of interest in the calcium phosphate based bioceramics and the main inorganic composition of teeth and bone.HA is utilized as material fordental and bone substitution.This is because its similarity in chemical to nature bone matrix .Hence,many research had been done to synthetic HA,so that it can use as a replacement to bone ,and as substitution in biomedical applications. In nowadays, HA has various of applications in biomedical. For instance, it used as matrices for drug release control and as materials