Man and Mammon: Man’s Disobedience to God in
John Milton’s Paradise Lost and Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness
Man’s disobedience from God is first begun in the pages of John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost, and seen to continue in Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness. Disobedience, or the failure to obey someone in authority, often first stems from the capacity for free will; free will, the notion that you or anyone else could make any decision in the world and it would be your choice to make, no one else’s. But this raises the question of from what divine action has free will been imbued among humanity. What has given humans the capacity to make decisions? Following the pages of Milton’s Paradise Lost, this is shown to be God’s doing.
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Mary C. Fenton’s article outlines how “land for humanity [is] no longer God’s organic and indivisible terrain, … but instead a material object in the … world’s struggle between good and evil.” (170) Humanity divides the land and, in the past just as with Heart of Darkness, there is a major pursuit to obtain more land as it comes hand in hand with obtaining more riches. This quest to discover land is still a pursuit for profit since land has become a material object, something of value. Even with Imperialism, we have seen the effects of what this struggle has caused. The good of those who have pure intentions (akin to Marlow) and the evil who are simply set out to profit and grow their wealth (like the Director of the Company). Jukka Gronow’s article on Imperialism and how it is connected to Capitalism suggests that “Imperialism reveals the exploitative nature of capitalism at its clearest,” (152) and in Heart of Darkness, this exploitative nature is very clear from the start. This is not a culture driven by the pursuit of happiness (through religion or God), but rather the pursuit of profit. Marlow observed that “the word ‘ivory’ rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it,” (Conrad, 2423) and they were in some sense. The Imperialist culture had been built for so long on the pursuit of wealth that ivory would have been a great source of profit …show more content…
Heart of Darkness. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Gen. ed. Stephen Greenblatt. 9th ed. New York: Norton, 2013. 2407-2465. Print.
Fenton, Mary C. “Hope, Land Ownership, and Milton's ‘Paradise Within.’” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, vol. 43, no. 1, 2003, pp. 151–180. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4625062.
Gronow, Jukka. “Imperialism as the Truth about Capitalism.” On the Formation of Marxism: Karl Kautsky’s Theory of Capitalism, the Marxism of the Second International and Karl Marx’s Critique of Political Economy, Brill, LEIDEN; BOSTON, 2016, pp. 151–156. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h23p.15.
Milton, John. Paradise Lost. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Gen. ed. Stephen Greenblatt. 9th ed. New York: Norton, 2013. 799-929.
Finally the abuse of power in the Congo also demonstrates the hypocrisy of Imperialism through the corruption observed in ‘the company’. Before Marlow travels to the Congo itself he reveals that it was very difficult for him to ascertain a job, which would result in his exploration of the river which had charmed and fascinated him from childhood. It is at this point that Marlow decides to ask his aunt for help, and she manages to get him a job, which will take him where he desires to go. This clearly demonstrates that Marlow’s abuse of power right at the beginning of the book. He then proceeds to judge others who are abusing power when he is in the Congo. For
Beneath the gore and smoke and loam, this book is about the evanescence of life, and why some men choose to fill their brief allotment of time engaging the impossible, others in the manufacture of sorrow. In the end it is a story of the ineluctable conflict between good and evil, daylight and darkness, the White City and the Black. (Larson
Erich Fromm’s essay “Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem” suggests that humankind’s evolution has, and continues to rely on man’s capability to exercise disobedience. While discussing the positions of disobedience being considered a vice, and obedience being a virtue, Fromm reflects upon the history of Adam and Eve believing that “eating the forbidden fruit” was man’s first act of disobedience. This is the point that broke the bond between man and nature requiring man to be dependant upon his own powers, while rewarding him with his “complete” humanity, freedom,
The colonists use, abuse, and leave the natives to die. The overwhelming obsession with ivory shows off the greed motivating many European countries during imperialism. European countries took colonies based on what financial benefits it offered. Conrad uses ivory to display the true motivation and hypocrisy of imperialism. Financial and political gain motives european imperialism instead the advertised desire of these countries to ‘civilise’ the savage living in the regions.
Disobedience plays a key role in the unfolding of Milton’s poem. Satan disobeys God because God gave him free will, and causes Eve to disobey Adam, to disobey God.
John Milton produced some of the most memorable Christian texts in English literature. Central pieces of Milton’s work, including Paradise Lost and Samson Agonistes, specifically allude to stories that Judaism and Christianity hold in common. Historically, the anti-monarchical regime Milton supported, under the leadership of Cromwell, informally allowed Jews back into England in 1655 after Edward I exiled them in 1290 (Trepp 151). Additionally, seventeenth-century British Christians looked increasingly to Jewish texts to understand their own religion (e.g. Robert Ainsworth and John Seldon), with Hebraic studies from German scholarship and Latin translations of Jewish texts entering during the
When John Milton decided to write, he knew from the start he wanted his creation to be that of an epic. Paradise Lost is just that. It is Milton's own take on the biblical story of Satan's fall from grace as well as man's fall. Milton was not only armed with an extensive knowledge on the Bible, but in everything a man of his time could learn. With his wisdom he emersed himself into his work, making Paradise Lost not only a tale of epic perportions, but one that would "Justify the ways of God to Man." (I 26)
Paradise Lost by Milton respectively demonstrates the theme of disobedience. The initial words in John Milton’s reading indicate that the significant theme in his work is disobedience. According to Milton’s perspective, God sits on the throne in heaven and he is superior to the angels and humanity. Hence, humans have the obligation to obey his command to avoid consequences like Adam and Eve’s example. Milton’s poem concerns the fall of humanity by disobeying God and Satan’s rebellion against God.
Utopia by Thomas More creates a unique opportunity for readers to examine the society of a fictional island filled with practices out of the collective norms. More’s Utopia written in 1516, addresses the customs, faith, and politics of a fictional island. Utopia is described by traveling philosopher Hythloday as a perfect society that values sameness and old traditions. Utopia, a crescent-shaped island built by General Utopus, is 500 miles of uniformity in every aspect imaginable. In Utopia, the uniformity of the country involves a range of things from the control of family sizes to the community eating regimen.
Thomas More writes Utopia, the comedic, fictional travel log about a “no place” society to discuss the various religious, political, and social ideals influenced by humanism. A medieval classically trained humanist, Thomas More is also influenced by the late medieval social, political, and religious movements developing from the Plague and the Hundred Years’ War. In Utopia, More illustrates a humanist society by discussing agriculture in the economy, religion and happiness, and the structure of the government which was ultimately influenced by the late medieval ideals.
For decades, philosophers and theologians have questioned God’s configuration of free will and its beneficial purpose for creation. Why would Christ allow man to dabble in sinful acts and vacuum himself into the devilish ideals of society and not rescue him from such ruins? In both Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy and John Milton’s Paradise Lost, both novelists tackle this argument, interpreting their own ideologies through their protagonists and supporting characters. Free Will was given to mankind has a gift, for without it we would merely be puppets.
Beyond the shield of civilization and into the depths of a primitive, untamed frontier lies the true face of the human soul. It is in the midst of this savagery and unrelenting danger that mankind confronts the brooding nature of his inner self. Joseph Conrad’s novel, Heart of Darkness, is the story of one man's insight into life as he embarks on a voyage to the edges of the world. Here, he meets the bitter, yet enlightening forces that eventually shape his outlook on life and his own individuality. Conrad’s portrayal of the characters, setting, and symbols, allow the reader to reflect on the true nature of man.
Milton in Paradise Lost illustrates God as the main creator of life. Milton also expresses that God’s real desire is power. God here used his own power of free will to make the decision to create life. From this, the reader can already see the ability of free will being practiced. He mentions that he gave all angels and man the power of free will so they can express their own individuality in
As Book VIII of John Milton’s Paradise Lost begins, the “new-waked” human Adam ponders the nature of the universe and the motion of the stars (ll. 4-38). When Adam has finished his speech, Milton takes the opportunity to describe Eve, who is listening nearby. We find Eve reclining in the Garden, but with grace, not laziness: “she sat retired in sight,/With lowliness majestic from her seat” (41-42). This “lowliness majestic” is the central phrase to understanding Eve’s character—she is both humble and glorious. Everything that beholds her is captivated by her “grace that won who saw to wish her stay” (43). Even in this paradise, every other beautiful creation is drawn to Eve. She walks
In Sir Thomas More’s Utopia, Thomas More is a man with earnest respect for his fluidity with his flaunts of the public, he lived in the Renaissance era and was a renowned humanist, lawyer and a personal friend of Henry VIII. In the beginning of the book, a letter is sent by More to his friend Peter Giles inquiring about editing and publication of his masterpiece “Utopia”. The first book “Utopia” summarizes a conversation between More and Giles conversing with Hythloday, the man who was enshrouded by the lands of Utopia.