Compare And Contrast The Concentration Of P-Nitrophenyte

Animal cells are the ‘cell factories for the production of complex biomolecules and antibodies for use as prophylactics, diagnostics or therapeutics’.Culturing of immortalized animal cell, also called cell lines is generally performed under define temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide flux in lab condition. Such in in-vitro culturing of animal cells may be performed under two different conditions viz. on solid surfaces (anchorage dependent cells) or in suspension (non-anchorage dependent cells).The choice of bioreactors and surface to be used for large scale cell culture is often decided on the basis of cell specific demands, engineering aspects and economic and regulatory considerations [Catapanoet al., 2009]. Generally, bioreactors

Before the start of this experiment, the theoretical yield was calculated. Based off the data, it was found that the limiting reagent is 3-nitrobenzaldehyde. The theoretical yield is determined by relating the moles of the limiting reagent to the moles of the anticipated product by a ratio obtained from the overall equation. The theoretical yield was calculated to be 1.3 g. However, the actual yield obtained was greater than the theoretical yield; in other words, the actual mass of the product was higher than the theoretical mass. This led to an abnormally high yield of 320% and an impure product.

The maximum cell density of the naked mole rat cells was found to be three times lower than the mouse sample. This result shows that naked mole-rat cells are hypersensitive to contact inhibition, also known as early contact inhibition. Researchers attempted to determine whether this early contact inhibition was caused by cell contact or secreted factors by replacing the media of naked mole-rat fibroblasts. The replacement increased the maximum cell density but not enough to reach the same level as the mouse sample showing that contact is the cause of the contact inhibition. Naked mole-rat and mouse fibroblasts were infected with oncoproteins which disable Rb and p53 in different samples to determine their role in early contact inhibition. The results showed that both Rb and p53 both played a role in preventing cell proliferation but Rb is more important in the regulation of early contact inhibition. Naked mole-rat fibroblasts were compared to human, mouse and a mutated naked mole-rat fibroblast without early contact inhibition by analyzing for p27 using Western blot. The naked mole-rat sample was the only sample that expressed little p27. When the same process was repeated for p16, the naked mole-rat sample was the only sample expressing high levels of p16. This result shows how p16 is the early contact inhibitor in the naked mole rat and p27 serves as a backup. GFP

One test that would have helped confirm this liquid’s identity would be freezing it, while monitoring its temperature, and comparing it to the real freezing point of isopropanol alcohol (89˚C).

Three wells where eliminated from the experiment, because a vehicle control was not needed for this experiment. Images where then taken of the 9 wells, with the use of phase-contrast microscope, these photos were labeled (T0). After the images where obtained, the well-plate was placed back into the tissue culture hood, and the wells where treated with different treatments, so the effects could be observed. In row “A” contained the HepG2 cells by themselves, no treatment was added. Row “B” contained the HepG2 cells and 4.5µl of Ceramide, which was labeled as the positive control, and finally in row “C” the wells contained our HepG2 cells and the compound Epigallocatechin Gallate. The well was then placed back into the cell culture incubator for 24 hours. Following the incubation, photos where taken using the same phase-contrast microscope and the same area of each scratch, these photos are labeled (Tf). The before and after photos of the scratch are then used to figure out the percent wound closure, which determines the cell migration. In order to calculate the percent closure, the following equation was used; Percent closure=width of Tf box/width of the T0

Title: Dilution Abstract: As the wavelength is increased absorbance will start at low and get higher before curving to low numbers again, while transmittance will go from high numbers to low number and curve back to high numbers. This was tested by placing a sample in a spectrometer and changing the wavelength. The absorbance and transmittance were recorded for each wavelength change.

Abstract: This lab was conducted to determine the efficiency of transfection in HEK293 cells using cell culture and lipofectamine by growing the HEK293 cells out in growth medium, and then passaging them into 24 well plate at 50% confluency. After the passaging of the cells, and aspirating the media after letting the cells grow in the wells for 24 hours, then a master-mix of lipofectamine and GFP plasmid DNA was added to 500 microliters of stock DMEM, and then adding 100 microliters of the master-mix to each well, and allowing then to grow overnight. Then the next day accutase was added to dislodge the cells and placed on a side to view them under a UV microscope to find the efficiency of the transfection. The experimental had the same procedure

After thiol functionalization, surfaces were treated with 50 µg/mL maleimide-activated neutravidin (Thermo) in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 1 hour at 37 C. The maleimide-activated neutravidin covalently attached to the thiol-functionalized surface through the maleimide-thiol coupling at neutral pH. Unreacted neutravidin was removed with three PBS washes and the substrates were stored in PBS at 4 C for up to one week before use. Biotinylated anti-EGFR antibody (Thermo) was added to the neutravidin-conjugated PDMS surfaces at a concentration of 20 µg/mL in PBS and incubated at 37 C for one hour. Control surfaces were incubated with 20 µg/mL biotinylated antibody which was isotype-matched to the primary antibody. Antibody attachment was performed immediately before experimentation followed by PBST (PBS with 0.05% Tween-20) wash and blocking with 1% (w/ v) bovine serum albumin in PBST for 1 h.

Annexing V FITIC/PI was used to detect for the involvement of apoptosis based upon externalization of phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) and permeabilization of nuclear membrane for staining with PI. PS is a biomarker of early apoptotic stage, Annexin V has specific and high affinity for the anionic PS, when PS is exposed on cell surface Annexing V binds to it. PS indicates intermediate stages of apoptosis. Caspases-3 activation, nuclear fragmentation and mitochondrial membrane flux preceded PS translocation [46]. From Fig.5 sonicated pectin induced dose apoptosis and reduced proportion of viable cells. The 400W sonicated pectin was more potent apoptosis inducer than 200W sonicated pectin. control cells had 89.29% viable cells 3.14% early apoptotic cells and 6.50% late apoptosis, 400W sonicated pectin at 0.1 and 0.5mg/ml induced significant reduction in viable cells to 70.90%, early apoptotic cells were 4.84% and late apoptosis 14.94% in the cells as shown in Fig.5b, on the other hand, 0.5mg/ml led to 50.79% viable cells, 22.65 %early apoptotic cells and 19.56% late apoptotic cells as shown in Fig.

The lab objective was to determine the correct blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. A spectrophotometer was used to measure the serum samples. This test is designed to measure the amount of nitrogen the blood that comes from the urea – a byproduct made when protein is broken down. It is a test that is used to determine how well a patient’s kidneys are working. BUN levels rise when the kidneys are unable to properly remove the urea from the blood. Liver problems can cause a lower BUN level while heart problems and poor dietary habits can cause higher Bun levels. The degree of protein catabolism influences the serum concentration of urea nitrogen, not renal function or urine

As it can be seen in the phenol the electric charge is delocalized on the benzene annulus only while the nitrophenol has its charge delocalized on the benzene and the nitro mathematical group ing . There other differences between p-nitrophenol and o-nitrophenol, with polarity being a commonly discussed issue . For both isomers, the nitro and inebriant group are more electronegative than the carbons on the ring and therefore the attachment in both are polar, however the adhesion in o-nitrophenol are less polar. O-nitrophenol already has intermolecular bonding within its structure between the proton of the alcohol group and one of the oxygen ’s from the N group occurring because the positions of both are close to each other

In this lab, lab 4.3 Comparing the Concentrations of Saturated Solutions, we set out to find and compare the solubilities of two solids in water. In addition, we tested if solubility is a characteristic property of a solid in a given liquid. This lab allowed us to test and use a reliable way to measure the solubility of a solid. This lab can be replicated for any solid with the same procedure, thus it gives us a method to calculate solubility. The two solids we tested in this experiment were NaCl (Sodium Chloride) and NaNO3 (Sodium Nitrate).

In order to illustrate similar trends, the fluorescence spectra of pyrene under different detergent compounds was recorded, as shown in Figure 3. The peak of interest are observe in

In the nitration experiment, a 5 mL conical vial was obtained, and a rice stir bar along with 0.5 mL of concentrated nitric acid was added to it. Slowly 0.5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to the nitric acid. The conical vial was placed in the appropriate hole in the aluminum heating block and the heat was turned to 50 degrees Celsius. The conical vial was attached to the micro-jacket condenser. The water hose was not attached to it.

Testing the viability and cytotoxicity in cells is used to determine drug effects and cytotoxicity tests of chemicals. Figure X shows the substances used for cell viability detection. They are based on different cell functions such as enzyme activity, the permeability of the cell membrane, cell adherence, ATP production, the production of enzymes and DNA uptake activity. Many well-known methods such as colony formation method, Crystal Violet method, tritium-labeled thymidine uptake method, MTT and WST methods are used to count the number of living cells.