Construct, Internal, and External Validity Essay

In reviewing this article, this writer was able critique the study and the suitability that it can possess if applied to actual practice. An important factor on whether a study can be considered valuable is if it is transferable in other situation, that is, a study's results should also be reflective if duplicated on other samples (Polit & Beck, 2006). Thus, the statistical power, internal and external validity are important to observe and note (Polit & Beck). If this writer were to carry out this study, it would have to be reflective of how the researcher performed it originality.

James E. Casey borrowed 100 dollars from a friend and started American Messenger Company, bicycle delivery service. In 1913, the bicycle was exchanged for a Model T Ford and the name was changed to Merchants Parcel Delivery. The company expanded from Seattle to Oakland, California in 1919, where the world’s largest delivery service was renamed the United Parcel Service, UPS. In 1930, UPS expanded to the east coast. Air operations began in 1953. In 1975 UPS became the first package delivery company to service every address in the 48 adjoining United States. By 1988, packages and documents were delivered to 175 countries. Success of this magnitude requires active management. Leaders must analyze and understand all internal and external

“With the dawn of the 16th century, there came together in Europe both the motivation and the means to explore and colonize territory across the seas” With respect to religion, trade, and technology this seems to be a valid quote referring to the 16th century and how Europeans were able to accomplish colonization and exploration on the other half of the globe.

1. In the state of Oklahoma we know how important it is to have the appropriate resources available to you for early childhood intervention so they can maintain a healthy learning, living and social environment. Our most popular and highly recommended is SoonerStart. This program will evaluate all children from birth up to three years of age to make

A research critique aims to measure the value and significance of a study. These are determined by

Internal validity of this study included data collection process and student personal interest in education. For example, students may have scored in exam because they concern about their own education. Reliability of this study instrument has not been tested. This is the first time this group will have this survey. There is no former survey to use as a standard to see if there are many changes.

The most important factor for testing trustworthiness is credibility, a way of checking this is by using an activity known as member checks. This is when ’the data and the findings from data analysis are brought back to the original participants to seek their input concerning the accuracy, completeness and interpretation of the data’ (Macnee 2004). Trustworthiness can also be tested in the form of triangulation. This involves using more than one form of data collecting and comparing results to reach an agreement. Triangulation involves using ‘compatible data collection methods such as participant observation, qualitative interviewing and field notes’ however another way using dissimilar data can also be used to illuminate the same phenomenon such as using a structured questionnaire with focus group interviews’ (Gerrish, Lacey 2006).

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.

Now, it is time to give an overview of some of the design threats to construct validity. If the researcher did not define the construct efficiently than it can lead to the inadequate preoperational explication of constructs threat (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Next, is the mono-operation bias, which is the use of the study program only one time and one place (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Third, the mono-method bias is the use of any one measure or observation (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Finally, the confounding constructs and the levels of constructs threat (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Overall, this threat to construct validity is a labeling issue like some of the other threats to construct validity (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). However, there are more design threats than listed in this paper to construct

For any measure to be valuable in psychological research, it needs to be both valid and reliable (Goodwin, 2008: 128). Research is reliable when more researchers have found the same results, or, within for instance behavioural research, when the same behaviour occurs at several measurements (Goodwin, 2008: 124). There are different types of validity. Firstly, there is construct validity, which measures whether an operationalisation of a construct actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Secondly, criterion validity determines whether a certain phenomenon is related to another phenomenon, and can accurately determine future developments. Lastly, content validity determines whether a test measures all aspects of the construct that is being measured (Goodwin, 2008: 125-126).

Another point of critique is the sampling of the research participants. Meth and McClymont (2011) make a lot of sampling choices without explaining or justifying those choices. First they selected 20 men in the South African city of Durban but did not reveal the rationale for such selection. Obvious questions in this sampling choice are: why men and not women? Why 20 men and not 5, 50, or 100? Why the South African city of Durban? Apparently, they explained why they selected an informal settlement (Cato Crest) by indicating that the settlement have high incidence of violence (page, 911), and ignored justifying the selection of South African city of Durban.

Reliability refers to coherence, stability and dependability in test results, generally using internal consistency to express the levels of reliability in the test. The higher reliability indicates the higher level of accordance, stabilization and dependability in test results. Reliability is the precondition of validity (Guba and Lincoln, 1981). The same findings may not generate if the same research is repeated, because many influencing factors may work in the process of research. The process of establishment in reliability research includes: the research rigorously collect and explain data in consistent investigation (internal checks); the process is transparent (sample design, field work, inquiry and rational data). Patton (1987) suggests that the use of triangulation in multiple approaches can increase the reliability in results.

After comparing three prereading advance organizers (a visual, a graphic, and a problematic situation approach), determine whether any one of these organizers might produce significant results as compared with a control lesson using no advance organizer, or when compared with each other, when used in regular classrooms.

“Now We Can Begin” an essay by Crystal Eastman is a very powerful essay. Eastman makes the point know in her essay that an honest and true feminist no matter where she stands in the movement she will see to the woman’s fight with strength and courage and how it  matters in the future and as well as its difference in its approach for the workers fight for industrial freedom. Eastman state “In fighting for the right to vote most women have tried to be either non-committal or thoroughly respectable on every other subject. Now they can say what they are really after; and what they are after, in common with all the rest of the struggling world, is freedom”

It is worth stating that to assess the quality of social science research; four criteria of evaluation can be applied: validity, reliability, comprehensiveness (generalization) and coherence (objectivity) (Hugh 2001:49). These criteria have been found to be more applicable to quantitative. However,