METHODS We used a EWAS approach for modeling a PHE as a complex network of interdependent determinants by inferring associations between multiple and diverse factors and the incidence of microcephaly attributed to ZVI in Brazil municipalities during the first semester of 2016. Figure 1 summarizes the steps of the modeling process we describe in this section. Figure 1. Methods Flowchart. After the root steps of ‘data collection, integration and preprocessing’ and ‘model development’, the third step of model analysis comprehends extraction and comparison of 4 subnetworks to test three morbidity hypotheses. Subnetworks are identified by letters and comparisons between networks by lower-case roman numerals. To build consistent data, we comprehensively collected secondary open data from Brazil`s official web sites. Data collection included domains according to three scales and 18 factors in the WHO conceptual framework of the social determinants of health (SDH) (18). We included a fourth scale for health results that included the incidence of ZVI-related microcephaly from the open data initiative of the Brazilian system of public health surveillance (Table 1). By the standard identifier of Brazil municipalities (IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), we integrated and initial set of more than 700 variables for 5570 municipalities. Preprocessing these continuous, discrete and binary variables included identifying and replacing missing values according to
A Comparative Analysis of Health Care Professionals in Brazil to Those in the United States
Health has been influenced by many factors such as poor health status, disease risk factors, and limited access to healthcare. All these factors are due to social, economic and environmental disadvantages. According to the World Organization (WHO) (2015), “the social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities, which is the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries”
Brazil and Mexico are both the giants of their geographic realms (de Blij and Muller 219,254). Mexico constitutes an entire geographic region of Middle America (200). The country of Brazil is also considered a single region in South America (239). Both of these regions have very large populations in comparison to the other regions of their realms. Mexico’s current population of 102 million people has more than doubled in size since 1970 (219). Brazil’s estimated population is currently near 167 million people (254). The populations of both regions are becoming increasingly more urban in character. At least seventy-four percent of Mexico’s population resides in cities or towns (220). Similarly in Brazil, eighty percent of the population
Demographics provide the specifics necessary to obtain knowledge pertaining to a city’s inhabitants. Attaining this type of detailed information is vital to the creation of a flourishing municipality. Demographic data can offer crucial material in relation to the particulars, such as the districts residents reside, the districts most preferred, the areas more highly safeguarded, high crime areas, the elementary schools most preferred and what type of developments residents want to see within the area. Verification is made by evaluating the demographic attributes of the populace, areas of
The classroom is well organized and orderly. Students have a routine that is followed each morning. John’s morning activities are without disruption, the morning routine works.
The English Language Learner (ELL) assessment process is different in each state. Each state must assess student’s performance in reading or language arts in order to comply with the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). In addition NCLB requires that schools receiving Title III funds annually assess the English Proficiency of all Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students participating in Title III programs. Although the assessments may vary, the goals of the assessments are all the same, to assess where students are as they learn the English language. Is this assessment enough or should alternative assessments be required?
“Burke (cited in Jones & Brazzel, 2006) mentions three criteria for selecting a diagnostic model:
The World Health Organisation posits that the social determinants of health (SDoH) are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life which are in turn responsible for health inequities, the unequal and preventable disparities in health within population groups and between countries (WHO 2015). This broadly means that a person’s health can be negatively impacted or enhanced depending on their social status, educational attainment, level of income, living conditions and access to resources and social support networks.
Because the Universal health care system in Brazil is free to all citizens those in poverty are not burdened with debt due to unavoidable illnesses therefore socioeconomic disparities are avoided as well. The current health status of citizens in Brazil can be classified as improving. The life expectancy has been increasing as well as decreasing rates in infant death
Brazil has been impacted the most by the Zika virus, and knowing microcephaly might be linked to Zika. It is affecting mothers and babies more than adults because babies are born with small heads with a disorder and/or die during or after birth. There are many rumors going around as Zika spreads. Many people react to it differently; some care about this a lot whereas others do not care at all.
As a high-income society, the United States when comparing the health care statistics to others world-wide is one of the most blessed nations in the world, but many people who struggle to pay for their health care find that our health care system has many weaknesses that effect the overall quality of care and their personal well-being. Health is defined by the World Health Organization as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being” (Macionis 236). There are many degrees of both physical and mental health and most people fall short of complete health and find themselves in need of medical care. One indicator that is used to measure a society’s overall health is the infant mortality rate, which is “the number of babies who die before their first birthday out of every thousand babies born” (Macionis 236). As expected, America’s infant mortality rates are low especially when coming comparing the rates to countries that are known to have economic hardships. Another means to measure the overall health well-being of a society is by determining the life expectancy at birth or the number of years that a person is expected to live in a given society. High-income nation’s life-expectancy rates are higher and most people can live long lives without serious health conditions until later in life. Low-income nations unfortunately can have much lower life expectancies. The economy and livelihood of a
The analysis of social determinants and health equity aims to understand the biopsychosocial genesis of the health - disease process, understanding the determinants and social conditions in which a person is born, it grows, live, work , and age (WHO, 2005) this includes political , cultural , economic aspects and aspects related to health systems. Closely linked to the analysis of determinants is in analyzing health inequities, understood as the absence of unfair and avoidable inequalities that are explained precisely by the social determinants of health. The ONS aims to deepen and develop the analysis the health situation in the country with social determinants perspective, for which it has recognized the need
There are some assumptions made by university health care system in its implementation that the common advantages of using a computerized system would obviously work to their own advantage. Users of the system make a great impact to the existence of the same. It is imperative to consider old data that is supposed to be fed to the system in order to make it efficient while updating the rest of information. Self evaluation process is recommendable to the system by the Information Technology experts. The human interface of the system should be included by the evaluation team. This will include two psychologists. The above aspects should be considered by a team of analysts before they conclude on whether the project does or does not
Stretching over 2,500 miles form east to west and 2,700 miles from north to south, Brazil is the world’s largest tropical country. The only nations that are larger are the lands of Russia, Canada, China and the United States. Brazil has more then 150 million people spread unevenly over its huge land area, making it the fifth most populated country in the world. (Encyclopedia.com) More then two thirds of Brazil’s people live in the cities and towns and more then 29 percent of them are in the ten cities with more then a million people. These include the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo with more then 15 million people and Rio de Janeiro with more then 9 million people. The rural population is mostly concentrated on the East Coast or