Diagnosis And Management Of Patients Suffering From Neurological Disease

The fEPSP was measured in four groups of brain slices, 10 minutes before and 30 minutes after HFS. The results show that all four groups of brain slices had an increase in fEPSP from baseline following HFS (Figure 1a). Therefore, overall LTP was seen in all four groups of brain slices. The two groups of brain slices that were kept at 32°C showed a greater increase in fEPSP from baseline following HFS than the two groups of brain slices kept at 25°C. In the two groups of brain slices kept at 25°C, the group of brain slices stimulated at a frequency of 5Hz had a greater increase in fEPSP from baseline, than the group stimulated at a frequency of 2.9 Hz. These results show that, although not significant, temperature appears to have an effect on the induction of LTP and burst frequency has very little effect on LTP at a temperature of 32°C; but, at a temperature of 25°C, it can be observed that burst frequency has an effect on LTP, however this is not significant.

Addiction, such as drug or alcohol addiction, is explained by a Dr. Nora Volkow in a HBO series on addiction as "a disease of the brain that translates into abnormal behavior." This disease is known as brain disease which "refers to disruptions in the brain 's motivational and reward circuitry that results from the cumulative effect of repeated use of certain substances." The documentary, Addiction, drove home the point that drug addiction is a brain disease that is a chronic condition but one which can be treated and taken care of. These are the claims of Dr. Volkow and others in reference to people who deviantly drink or are addicted to either licit or

“Yesterday I was clever, so I wanted to change the world. Today I am wise, so I am changing myself”. Rumi.

There have been solutions that were introduced in the past and that are still used today to determine if a person has epilepsy. One of the solutions is called the electroencephalography (EEG), which was introduced in 1929 by the German psychiatrist Hans Berger (Jefferys, 2010). This was a breakthrough in psychiatric and neurological history. It was a minimally invasive diagnostic test that recorded the electrical patterns in a person’s brain. This allowed doctors to measure the electricity that the brain makes and to determine the brain’s activity. Overtime, it became popularly used during the late 1940s and early 1990s (Jefferys, 2010). This was the time when digital EEG recordings became available. Then, in the late 1990s, the digital recordings became faster, demonstrating the presence of ripples and fast ripples, which marked as epileptogenic zone (Jefferys, 2010). During an EEG, a patient would have tiny electrodes and wires attached to his/her head. The brain waves would be detected through the electrodes, which would then allow for the EEG machine to formulate the brain signals and record them on a paper or on a screen (“EEG,” 2016). An EEG is still used today. Another solution used to determine if a person has epilepsy is the patch-clamp technique. It was developed by Neher and Sakmann between the 1970s and 1980s. This method

There are many neurological diseases and the way the “regular checkup” goes will be determined by the type of disease they have. For instance a patient with a nonfatal diagnosis of Multiple sclerosis can have a neurological checkup; the physician should recap the patients’ health history and determine what brought them in. Ask if anything has changed since the last checkup. Assess mental status, obtain vital signs and ask if patient is in pain or if they have a feeling of numbness or tingling anywhere.

Experiment Data: Stimulus Sensory Neuron Membrane Potential (mV) Receptor -70 -60 -40 -25 Sensory Neuron AP Frequency (Hz) in Axon 0 16.6 33.3 Sensory Neuron Vesicles Released from Axon Terminal 0 4 6 Interneuron Membrane Potential (mV) Receiving End -70 -70 -50 -40 Interneuron AP Frequency (Hz) in Axon 0 5 10

Epilepsy can appear during any ages and it appears in animals and humans. It is the fourth most common neurological disorder. Epilepsy is a disorder when a person or an animal has unpredictable seizures. Someone has a seizure when their brain has abnormal and sudden electrical activity. There are so many triggers for seizures, such as missing your medication, being sleep deprived, being extremely stressed, low blood sugar, and bright lights.

An action potential is a short electrical impulse generated at the axon hillock which travels the length of an axon. Its generation happens in three distinct stages, depolarisation, repolarisation and hyperpolarisation. When the threshold of excitation is reached, depolarisation starts, the threshold is between -55mV and -65mV in most neurons. When the neuron is stimulated voltage-activated Sodium (Na+) channels open, allowing Na+ ions to rush into the neuron. This reverses the polarity in the neuron towards its peak of +40mV. At this peak Na+ channels

What do we really know about concussions? Let's think about this, concussions are caused when there is either an acceleration that transpires when the head is at rest and jerked into motion or deceleration when the head in motion but stop abruptly. Examples of this is a severe blow to the head and the result of that sudden movement causing the brain to become short- circuit which result in a traumatic brain injury (Drysdale,2013). This affects players in physical sports like football, hockey or boxing. In this paper I will show that brain injuries play a role in NFL player and our youth which are some of the main causes of delayed cognitive and mental issues that affect them throughout their lifetime even though they no longer play the

The transmission of electrical impulses will be hindered as a direct consequence of damaged or destroyed myelin. One may ask why does the body begin to attack and destroy the myelin? This question ultimately leads to the inquiry: What causes multiple sclerosis? The response is that the exact origin of MS is unknown, and that scientists and researchers suspect that the damage to the myelin results from an abnormal response by the body's immune system. In other wards science cannot explain this phenomena. However, research is making advances in the area of MS, and the future for those who are affected by multiple sclerosis appears to be more optimistic.

A _____(43 or 42)-year-old female [Place] Police Officer with 2 issues. She has noticed, for about 5 weeks numbness in all the fingers of her right hand. Present most of the time. She notes that by holding her arm bent at an angle and up it seems to resolve it. She can recall no neck trauma or neck injury. Neck is not bothering her. No car wrecks. She fashioned some sort of splint herself, but it did not seem to help that much. No other numbness, or tingling, or other neurological symptoms. Feels well overall. Did have her thyroid ablated about a month ago, and she is due to check her TSH again. In addition she has chronic sinus problems, we went through that. There is a seasonal variation. Zyrtec-D seems to work the best. Flonase

Depolarization in membrane potential triggers an action potential because nearby axonal membranes will be depolarized to values near or above threshold voltage.

Neurological disorders such as autism, Down syndrome, ADHD, SPD etc have behavioral challenges and durations that are unpredictable. As the neurological disorders progress, the physical, emotional and cognitive needs increase creating an obligation of family members or others to provide care. This responsibility is often taken by an immediate family member such as parents, partner or children. Neurological disorders take a slow pace towards betterment so it requires family members to play multiple roles, that of a caregiver also assuming the financial and household responsibilities. Some neurological disorders progress with time, putting the caregiver in charge for decades. Care giving help in drawing family members closer and also brings

The voltage dependent sodium and potassium channels are closed. A stimulus would then cause the voltage dependent sodium channels in the neuron’s membrane to open, causing the Na+ ions that were outside the membrane to rush into the cell. This would cause the cell to become more positive. If the signal is strong enough to cause the voltage to reach a threshold, in which the positive charge reaches somewhere between –40 and –55 mV, it causes a depolairsation as the cell’s charge is a reverse due to it being more positively charged while the outside of the cell, lacking in Na+, becomes negatively charged.

The neurons in the brain tissue communicate with each other via electrical signals, generating measurable action potential activity. Electrophysiological techniques have been developed to measure this electrical activity. Electrophysiological techniques are some of the classic methods of brain research, partly because they are very sensitive and accurate. They provide quite a number of insights into the subject’s mind as well as allow for study of how the brain works. They can be used during brain surgery as well as when the patient is awake and conscious, as the brain itself does not sense pain during the measurements. Although electrophysiology has been around for close to half a century, it has attained appreciable advances only in the last two decades. These advances have revolutionized the study of brain structure and functions, allowing neurophysiologists to monitor the brain’s activities directly during experiments (Sutler et al., 1999). Even with its significant impact in neurology, however, its presence has been so commonplace that many people no longer realize its ubiquity. This essay explores three electrophysiological techniques namely patch clamp, sharp electrodes, and brain slice recording. It describes how each of these techniques works as well as how advances in the techniques have