Dihydroxydrophthalazine

The two peaks next to each other, 2360.23 cm-1 and 2341.78 cm-1, most likely indicated a nitrile or alkyl stretch. These peaks disappeared in the spectrum for the crystallized 3-nitrochalcone, though. The peaks were most likely as the result of an incomplete reaction or a reaction that did not go to completion. The product probably did not completely tautomerize, showing an alkyl or nitrile group. The crude product was also not completely dried, as indicated from the presence of an -OH group at the 3383.38 cm-1 peak. Figure 2 depicts the infrared spectrum of the crystallized product. The two peaks, signifying the nitrile or alkyl stretch, were still on the spectrum, but smaller. However, a peak at 3380.36 cm-1 indicates that an OH stretch is still present in the crystallized product. This verifies that the product was not pure; that –OH group was likely from methanol, the solvent used to purify the crude product. In order to remove the methanol/OH group, the crystallized product was left to dry in an oven for several minutes to spur dehydration. After that, another IR spectrum was taken for the dried product (Figure 3). In this spectrum, there was no alcohol peak, which indicates that the product became pure; the compound lost the hydroxyl group and no methanol was found in the pure product. As a result, Figure 3 is the desired

One of the most powerful high anabolic steroid that shows low androgenic outcome is called Nandrolone Phenylpropionate. Chemically speaking, it has an effect to that of the male hormone called testosterone. Technically speaking, it’sa 19-nortestosterone derivative and it’s identical to Deca Durabolin.

Then, 0.100 grams of pure benzil, 0.30 mL of 95% ethanol, and a spin vane was placed into a 3-mL conical vial with an attached air condenser. The mixture was heated with an aluminum block at 100°C, while being stirred, until all the benzil had dissolved. Using a pipet, 0.25 mL of an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution was added drop wise into the conical vial through the air condenser. The mixture was boiled at 110°C while being stirred for approximately 15 minutes and the reaction mixture changed from deep blue-black to brown in color. The vial was removed from heat and allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture was crystallized in an ice bath and the crystals were collected over a Hirsch funnel using vacuum filtration and rinsed with ice-cold 95% ethanol. The solid crystals were transferred to a 10-mL Erlenmeyer flask that contained 3 mL of 70°C water. The flask was swirled while 0.50 mL of 1 M hydrochloric acid was added to the flask. With each drop added a white precipitate formed immediately. The solution was checked to have a pH of 2, if it was not, more acid was added to the flask. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then cooled in an ice bath. The crystals were collected by vacuum filtration using a Hirsch funnel and rinsed with ice-cold water. The pure benzilic acid crystals were weighed and a melting point was obtained.

The vial was removed from the heat and cooled to room temperature. The spin vane was rinsed with 2-3 drops of warm water over the conical vial. The vial was cooled to room temperature then placed in an ice bath for 15 minutes. The liquid was decanted from the mixture and the resulting crystals were dried on filter paper. The crystals were then placed on a watch glass for further drying. The crystals were weighed and a small sample was placed into a capillary tube for melting point determination.

The reaction took place in a conical vial and .2mL of each of the reactant samples were added to it along with some 95% ethanol. Two drops of NaOH were added shortly after and stirred at room temperature for fifteen minutes. The vial was cooled in and ice bath and crystallized. Vacuum filtration was performed to filter the crude product. The crude product was recrystallized using methanol and filtered again. We made one change to the procedure and instead of using .7mL of ethanol we

Since the unknown powder was known to contain both an organic compound and an acid, we had to add aqueous sodium hydroxide in order to draw out the acid and its conjugate base into the aqueous layer. When the base was added to the separatory funnel, it attracted the acid and formed an immiscible aqueous layer under the liquid layer containing the organic compound. The funnel was shaken to draw out as much acid as possible, and the aqueous layer was withdrawn from the funnel. Aqueous sodium hydroxide was added a second time to pull out even more acid that may have remained in the organic layer, and was withdrawn as well. In hopes of drawing out any remaining acid from the organic layer, water, a polar substance, was added to the separatory funnel to form a final aqueous layer that was withdrawn and added to the previous

Then while in the ice bath for about 29 minutes the clear solution turned a liquid white color. After the substance was dried using a vacuum procedure a white powdered substance remained. The substance was allowed to dry for a day; until

Starting our hypothesis was that it was cornstarch, according to all of the data we collected in table 2(example at bottom of page). When we just looked at the substance it had a powder like appearance with no real specific way of being arranged. Then we started with each test of the powder first the simple close up look test using the microscope this showed us basically what we had seen with our eyes in a little more detail from this we found that it was what we had seen a powder like substance with no real arrangement but the only difference was two crystals within the powder. Next we moved on to the more complex test like the vinegar test in this test when the vinegar was mixed with the substance it did not really mix at all the vinegar

Once cooled, the mixture was then transferred to a separatory funnel using the funnel while avoiding adding the boiling chip. 10 ml of water was then added to the mixture. The mixture was gently shaken and the phases were allowed to separate. The funnel was then unstopped and the lower aqueous phase was drained into a beaker. 5 ml of 5% aqueous NaHCO3 was added and then shaken gently. A great deal of caution was taken into consideration because of the production of carbon dioxide gas which caused pressure to develop inside the funnel. The pressure needed to be released so the funnel was vented frequently. The phases were allowed to separate and the lower aqueous phases was drained into the beaker. After draining, 5 ml of saturated NaCl was added to the funnel and then shaken gently. Once again, the phases were allowed to separate and the lower aqueous phase was drained into a beaker. An ester product was produced and was transferred into a 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask. This organic product was then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 to trap small amounts of water in its crystal lattices thus removing it from the product. Finally the ester was decanted, so that the drying agent was excluded from the final product.

1-3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) is an industrial chemical also known as “Molly” by the younger crowd. TFMPP is made up of C11, H13, F3, and N2 and is often combined with other drugs such as benzylpiperazine (BZP), and cocaine which its then known as “X” or “Ecstasy” combining the extra chemicals enhances the effects of the drug. Some ways to consume the drug is orally, snorting, and smoking with orally being the most common. After doing research and conducting experiments TFMPP’s side effects consist of anti- aggressive, hyperthermia, and depressant in both animals and humans. While only making humans hallucinate.

The most common polyhydroxyalkanaoate is poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), and this polymer was first discovered by Lemoigne in 1925 by a French scientist[9]. After that time, various bacterial strains such as gram negative bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, gram positive bacteria, archaebacteria and cyanobacteria (17,18) have been identified to store up poly (3- hydroxybutyrate) both anaerobically and aerobically. In the year 1973, poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) was recognized as a bacterial storage polymer that had a function which was identical to glycogen and starch [9]. About 150 different monomer constituents of PHA has been found till date[3] and a compilation of a large variety of polyhydroxyalkanaoate monomers have been made.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) a unique class of optically active biopolymers is the most popular bio-plastics and is a potential contender in replacing some plastics synthesized by petroleum because of their biodegradable nature and physical properties. PHAs are somewhat similar to the well-known synthetic polymers that are low density polypropylene and polyethylene; furthermore the disposal of PHAs as bio-waste made them more attractive in the hunt of sustainable development of bio-plastic. These PHAs contained a class of polyesters naturally present which has been accumulated by many microorganisms intracellularly in form of granules and stored in response to nutrient limitation or environmental stress as a carbon reserve, energy and reducing

7-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl quinazolin-4(3H)-one, a quinazolinone derivative are a class of heterocyclic compounds exhibiting pharmacological and biological activities (Giri RS et al., 2009; Nagwa M A G et al., 2010; Ye C et al., 2010; Aly M M et al., 2010; Helby et al., 2008; Mhaske SB et al., 2006; Mahato AK et al., 2011). 7-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl) -2-phenyl quinazolin-4 (3H) -one has an empirical formula C20H12Cl2N2 with molecular weight 368 g/mol. It has the structural formula (Fig.1). The mechanism involves the inhibition of thymidylate synthase receptor which prevents the growth of cancerous cells (Widemann BC et al., 1999; Grover G et al., 2007).

Glycerol, or 1,2,3-propanetriol, is a trihydric alcohol which is also known as Glycerine, Glyceritol, Glycyl alcohol, Trihydroxypropane, Propanetriol, Osmoglyn, and 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane (Figure 1.2). The general properties of glycerol; it is colourless, odourless, sweet in tasting and in the form of syrupy liquid. It will melts at 17.8 °C and boils with decomposition at 290 °C, also soluble in water and ethanol. The molecular formula of glycerol is: C3H8O3 and its molecular weight is: 92.09382

to decrease the bacteria that forms sores in mouth by avoiding redness and bleeding gums during usual brushing. Dentists suggest this medication during visits for bleeding gums. Patients inhale through ventilator may suffer from pneumonia it’s avoided by periogard. Redness in Gum and gum swelling are controlled by Chlorhexidine Gluconate effectively. It cleanses skin problems caused due to injection, skin injury and surgery.