Down Syndrome Research Paper

When a baby is conceived, the baby receives 23 chromosomes from each parent, equaling 46 chromosomes. Sometimes during this creation a sperm or egg cell can causes that cell to contain 24 chromosomes. When this abnormal cell is included in the conception of a baby, that baby will have 47 chromosomes. The extra chromosome causes Down syndrome. After fertilization; cells start to divide rapidly. Depending on how the cell divides determines what type of Down syndrome the child has. Mosaic Down syndrome is obtained when a cell divides abnormally, creating a string of cells with the extra chromosome. A child with Mosaic Down syndrome has both cells: the normal 46 chromosomes, and the Down syndrome 47 chromosomes. It is believed that babies with Mosaic Down syndrome experience mild symptoms of the disorder.

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a normal human cell. Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome occurs when there is a third copy of chromosome 21 and causes malformation in body and brain development. Giving birth to a child with down syndrome increases as the mother ages. The odds of having a child with trisomy 21 are 1 in 1000 for women under the age of 35. This increases to 1 in 200 for women 35 and older. Thus, while not completely avoidable, it is best to have children while the mother is still under 35 to allow the child to be less likely to be born with down syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS) caused by trisomy 21 is the most common human aneuploidy and occurs approximately in 1 in 700 live births. Individuals diagnosed with DS display a wide range of clinical phenotypes including cognitive impairment, mental retardation, craniofacial abnormalities as well as increased risks for congenital heart defects, gastrointestinal tract abnormalities including Hirshsprung’s disease, with the presence or absence and severity of these features varying amongst the individuals. Proper formation of the craniofacial skeleton is important for the normal development of the brain, sensory organs and functioning of the digestive and respiratory tracts and is derived from neural crest cells.

Down syndrome is inherited because of a chromosomal error. It occurs when someone gains an extra 21 chromosome. Usually, an individual will inherit two copies of chromosome 21, one from each parent. The extra 21 chromosomes can be inherited in three different ways, which results in three different types of Down syndrome: trisomy 21 (nondisjunction), mosaicism, and translocation. Trisomy 21 or nondisjunction is the most common form of Down syndrome; responsible for 95 percent of all the cases of Down syndrome. In this type of Down syndrome, the embryo contains three 21 chromosomes which is the result of the sperm or egg cell failing to

Down Syndrome affects many people, even those who don’t have it. Down syndrome is also called Trisomy 21. The term Down syndrome did not become the accepted term until the early 1970’s (“History of NADS”). Down syndrome is the most common genetic condition, almost 400,000 Americans have Down syndrome (“What Is Down Syndrome?”). When the 21st chromosome has an extra copy, full or partial, down syndrome will occur. With the extra genetic material it messes with the development physically and mentally. It also creates certain features connected with Down Syndrome. Some of the well known features are low muscle tone, small stature, upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease across the center of the palm (“What Is Down Syndrome?”). These features and their extent can vary from person to person, some may not even have any at all. One in every 691 babies born in the United States has Down syndrome, about 6,000 babies are born with Down syndrome each year in the United States (“What Is Down Syndrome?”). Just like the physical features the medical problems associated with Down syndrome vary from person to person, some may need a lot while others may need little to none. The health problem can be treated with the many resources available to help the people with Down syndrome and their families.

Trisomy 21 is caused by an error in cell division which is called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction results when the embryo gets three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two. This usually occurs at or prior to conception, a pair of 21st chromosomes in either the sperm or the eggs fails to separate. Since this occurs so early on, the extra chromosome is then replicated in every cell of the body. This type of Down syndrome accounts for 95% of cases (“What”). Translocation accounts for about 4% of cases. In this types the total number of chromosomes in the cells remain 46, but an additional full or partial copy of chromosome 21 attaches to another chromosome (usually 14). The presence of the extra full or partial chromosome 21 causes the characteristics of Down syndrome (“What”). Mosaicism or mosaic Down syndrome is a mixture of the two other types. It is characterized by a mixture of two types of cells, some containing the usual 46 chromosomes and some containing 47. The cells that do contain 47 chromosomes contain an extra chromosome 21. This type accounts for only 1% of all the cases of Down syndrome. Some research has shown that individuals with mosaic Down syndrome may have fewer characteristics of Down syndrome that those with other types

Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder where an abnormality in cell division results in a copy of chromosome 21. This is also known as trisomy 21. Although the cause of the extra chromosome is still unknown, maternal age is the only possible thing to have been linked to having a child with Down Syndrome. Physical abnormalities of Down Syndrome may include, decreased muscle tone, flattened facial profile, upward slanting eyes, and a short neck. Often, children with Down Syndrome develop slower than the development of a child without the disorder. Intellectual abnormalities of Down Syndrome include a shortened attention span, poor judgment, impulsive behavior, slow learning, and delayed language/speech development. Approximately 1 in every 700

Down Syndrome is a developmental disorder caused by an error in the process of cell division. This disorder is characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy)(Segal & Pesco, 2015). It is the most common chromosomal disorder and affects 1 in 700 live births (Ramia, Musharrafieh, Khaddage, & Sabri, 2014). According to Segal and Pesco (2015), Down Syndrome is characterised by physical features such as distinct facial characteristics, low muscle tone; conditions such as congenital heart disease; and Intellectual Disability with IQs typically ranging from 30 to 70.

Sometimes, genetic mutations can occur during meiosis. This is a permanent change in the sequence of base pairs in the strand of DNA; in other words, it is a “glitch” in the system. If there is a genetic mutation, it can possibly lead to an extra chromosome, or even the vacancy of one chromosome in the DNA strand. This will result in an organism having a completely extra set of chromosomes. This is the case of Down syndrome, a genetically mutated condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.

In addition, Down syndrome disorder influences individuals of any age, races, religious foundations and financial circumstances. It is a genetic disorder that is produced by an added duplicate of chromosome 21. Down syndrome has physical characteristics. For instance, Down syndrome people have poor muscle tone, short arms and legs, flat noses and even have round faces. However, the Down syndrome physical characteristics conditions can cause intellectual disability. Down's Syndrome (2016) concluded: “The diagnosis of Down's syndrome is usually made soon after the birth of the baby because of the baby's appearance.” Basically, there are numerous physical attributes related to the condition, which may lead a parent or birthing specialist, or other therapeutic experts, to presume that the child has Down syndrome disorder.

Down syndrome is sometimes called trisomy 21. This results from a chromosome disorder that results in an extra chromosome or a part of a third chromosome within the cells of a person (Blackman, 1990). “It was first identified by John Langdon Down in 1866” (Carr, 1995, p.1). Down syndrome causes learning disabilities, developmental delays, and health problems that can be very severe.

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. There are three genetic variations that cause Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic Trisomy 21 or Translocation Trisomy 21. There are many ways in which theses disorders affect the body.  Trisomy 21 occurs when an egg or sperm comes in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in every single cell of the embryo. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down syndrome. About 92% of Down syndrome patients have this type. People with Trisomy usually have physical problems.

Down syndrome is where every cell in the body has a nucleus, genetic material is then stored in genes. Some of those genes carry codes that are responsible for the inherited traits that are grouped up along rod-like structures that are called chromosomes. Down syndrome is the part that occurs when one individual has a partial or full copy of chromosome 21. The nucleus of each cells contain 23 different pairs of chromosomes, half of those which are inherited from each of the parent. Some common traits of Down syndrome are low muscle tones, upward slant in the eyes, and single deep crease across the center of the palm. Approximately 400,000 Americans have Down syndrome and almost 6,000 babies with Down syndrome are born in the United States

syndrome. This disease is named after John Langdon Down, who was the first physician to tell about the disease systematically. This disease sometimes referred to as 47 or trisomy 21, is a very serious life altering disease. Down syndrome is caused by an extra or partial chromosome 21,which is called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction happens when chromosomes are distributed incorrectly during egg and sperm formation. Most body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes from each parent, adding to 46 chromosomes. When you have an extra chromosome it adds to 47, causing down syndrome. When the egg meets the sperm to form a normal embryo, the embryo gets three copies of chromosome 21. After that the chromosome is copied to each cell as the baby develops. In some rare cases down syndrome is cased by Robertsonian Translocation. This is when the long arm of the chromosome 21 break off and attaches itself to another chromosome at the centromere. People which have such a translation will not have down syndrome, but can have children with down syndrome. There is only one chromosome affected by this horrendous disease. Down Syndrome controls several aspects of the human body. Chromosomes play an extremely important role in human life. Chromosomes are the blueprint of genes, which is human life. Having a disability

Instead of the normal number of 46 chromosomes in eachcell, the individual with Down syndrome has 47 chromosomes. This condition is called trisomy 21.