4. DRUG AND EXCIPIENT PROFILES
4.1 Drug profile: domperidone meleate. (73, 74, 75)
Synonym
Apo Domperidone, Domidon
Description
Domperidone Meleate is a white or almost white powder. It shows polymorphism. It is specific blockers of dopamine receptors. It is administered orally, rectally or intravenously. It is given to relieve from nausea and vomiting, as prokinetic agent through increase in gastrointestinal peristalsis and to increase lactation
Structure
Molecular Formula C22H24Cl N502.C4H4O4
Molecular weight- 541.98
IUPAC Name 5-chloro-1-(1-[3-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)propyl] piperidin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one maleate.
Brand Name: Avistal , Casdom , Diprodom, Domact
Half life: 7 hours
Use
It is
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Magnesium sterate (76)
Synonyms
Metallic stearic; magnesium salt
Non-proprietary name NF- Magnesium stearate BP/EP- Magnesium stearate
Empirical formula- C36H70MgO4
Chemical names Octadecanoic acid; magnesium salt; magnesium stearate
Molecular weight- 591.3
Density (He): 1.03-1.08 g/cm3
Bulk volume: 3.0-8.4 ml/g
Tapped volume: 2.5-6.2 ml/g
Functional category Tablet and capsule lubricant
Description
It is a fine, white, precipitated or milled, impalpable powder of low bulk density, having a faint characteristic odour and taste. The powder is greasy to touch and readily adheres to the skin.
Solubility
Practically insoluble in ethanol, ethanol (95%), ether and water, slightly soluble in benzene and warm ethanol (95%)
Stability and storage conditions:
Stable,non-self polymerizable. Store in a cool, dry place in a well closed container.
Incompatibilities
Incompatible with strong acids, alkalis, iron salts and with strong oxidising materials.
Safety
Described as inert or nuisance dust. OSHA has adopted limits of 15mg/m3 for the total dust and 5mg/m3 for the respirable fraction. Dust clouds of magnesium stearate may be explosive. However, oral consumption of large quantities may result in some laxative effect or mucosal
risperidone whereas in this one there was a fixed dose to limit breach in blinding and to facilitate comparison between similar groups, also having this fixed dosage helped prevent bias because when using a titrating schedule of dosing in a randomized trial, it tends to show bias toward a desired goal. Risperidone in this study was well tolerated and there weren’t significant differences in weight gain or sedation(13). One of the main things disliked about risperidone is its tendency to increase the incidence of dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal side effects. In this study only mild and transient dyskinesias were seen in only 3 children, however that could be due to the low fixed dosage(13) of the study.
Every individual is different in a specific way. Like people, substances have unique qualities, such as properties, which aid chemists to differentiate and identify the particular components the substances consists of. These particular qualities are identified as either physical or chemical properties. Physical properties are properties which do not require a chemical change of its composition in order for the substance to be classified. A few examples of physical properties include color, density, odor, boiling point, melting
Methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol are alcohols that contain both London-dispersion forces and hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen
As indicated in Table 1, each of the given substances for this lab were soluble in ethyl acetate. However, the solubility results varied based on the structure of each tested compound. 4-bromoacetanilide and fluorene are both insoluble within solvents of HCl and NaOH. Fluorene will stay soluble within the organic layer since its is a purely made of carbon and hydrogen. 4-bromoacetanilide will act similarly given its nonpolarity from balanced branches and lack of acid/basic characteristics. 4-nitroaniline and 2,5-dichloroaniline travel solubly into the HCl/H2O solvent when added to the separatory funnel, yet form a precipitate after a highly concentrated NaOH is added. Both 4-nitroaniline and 2,5-dichloroaniline are slightly basic organic compounds, and when an acid (HCl) is added a proton will transferred to make them ionic. In their ionic state, both compounds become water-soluble. When NaOH is added to 4-nitroaniline and 2,5-dichloroaniline, it removes the proton causing the compounds to become insoluble in water once again. The same concept can be applied in an opposite fashion to the acid organic compounds of 3-chlorobenzoic acid and resorcinol; both become water-soluble when they lose a proton after mixed with NaOH. They go back to their water insolubility if you add an acid to donate a proton back to 3-chlorobenzoic acid and resorcinol. Therefore, after completing this lab,
Benzophenone was soluble in methyl alcohol whiles biphenyl was partially soluble. Benzophenone and biphenyl are both nonpolar molecules. Methanol is intermediately polar, allowing both nonpolar molecules to be dissolved as it is not too polar or nonpolar. However, biphenyl is less polar than benzophenone. Since methyl alcohol is somewhat polar, the more polar benzophenone is more soluble in methyl alcohol than biphenyl. Also, benzophenone can make hydrogen bonds. Thus, benzophenone is more soluble in methyl alcohol than
Sucrose is insoluble in the organic solvent dichloromethane (CH2 Cl2). Aspirin, acetanilide, and phenacetin are soluble in dichloromethane but relatively soluble in water. Aspirin reacts with bases such as sodium bicarbonate to form a salt, sodium acetylsalicylate, which is insoluble in water. Acetanilide and phenacetin are not converted into salts by sodium bicarbonate.
Solids are composed of atoms, ions or molecules arranged in a pattern that is represented in three dimensions, they all have a definite shape and volume, they are virtually incompressible and they do not flow readily.
| After ignition of magnesium light and toxic fumes are made, and white powder (2MgO or Magnesium Oxide) is left over.
Ionic compounds are soluble in water to a certain point depending on the compound. The level of solubility changes among different compounds. Some ionic compounds can completely dissolve in water and appear to be a homogeneous mixture. Although, some ionic compounds dissolve very little, and could be considered insoluble, since it does not dissolve fully. Depending on the compound, the level of solubility can be high or low. However, ionic compounds could dissolve to a certain degree. If the solution appears to be a heterogeneous mixture, many may assume through visual representation that it may be insoluble. As stated previously, the smallest amount of solubility should be considered. To confirm whether or not the substance is soluble, observe the efficiency when conducting electricity. Due to practical reasons, the slightest solubility could be considered insoluble by people.
2) Explain the trend in the solubility of the three alcohols in water. (In your discussions, bring out the theoretical concepts on which
In a test tube, 0.5mL of the sample will be added with 0.5 mL of water and shaken vigorously. Take note for its solubility by parts (0.5mL is one part). Keep adding parts of the solvent until the sample is soluble. If not, add until ten parts of the solvent and determine its solubility. To separate test tubes, water will be replaced with ethanol, chloroform, ether, and acetone as solvents. Same procedures were
Risperidone is benzisoxazole derivatives of antipsychotic properties due to its high antagonistic effect on serotonin-5HT2 and dopamine-D2 receptors that magnifies its action in treatment of positive and negative schizophrenia with less extrapyramidal side effects and relapse probability (Rainer, 2008). Chemically it is C23H27FN4O2 (Bladania et al., 2008) (Figure 1). It is a weak base that is practically water insoluble, the solubility is pH dependent, it is highly soluble at acidic pH with significant decrease as pH increases up to pH 6.8 with minimum solubility at pH 8 (Saibi et al., 2012). Its bioavailability is about 70% with high protein binding ability (88%). It is extremely metabolized in liver to the active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone
Solubility – Very soluble (water), Freely soluble (methylene chloride, chloroform, alcohol), Slightly soluble (acetone) and Insoluble (ether).6 Melting point - 120°C or 248°F.5
I can narrow down my unknown substance to either Ethanol or 2-proponal. Ethanol’s density is only 0.001g/mL higher than my own measurements, but its boiling point is 8.4̊C lower than GNR’s. Whereas 2-proponal’s density is off by 0.003g/mL and its boiling point is only off by 4.5̊C. If I were to make an educated guess I would lean more towards Ethanol. Both the precision and accuracy of my data was far greater in density than in boiling point and Ethanol’s density is closer to GNR’s than any other substance.
2.1 Drug Profile of Baclofen Synonym : Lioresal, Kemstro Molecular Formula : C10H12ClNO2 Structure : Chemical name : 4-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-butanoic acid Molecular weight : 213.661 g/mol Description : White to off-white Solubility : Slightly soluble in water, Very slightly soluble in methanol,