Essay about Effect of Rotanone

The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is a highly disruptive species that can, and has played a distinctive role in the lives of many organisms. Included in these organisms are various deciduous trees and shrubs, wildlife species that share the same environment, and even humans. The gypsy moth destroys the beauty of woodlands via defoliation, alters ecosystems and wildlife habitats, and disrupts our own lives. It should therefore come as no surprise that the U.S. Department of Agriculture and many other agencies have taken huge steps to help diminish populations of this small, yet persistent species. In an effort to control these overwhelming populations, five chemical control agents have

Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP) (Winter 1992). Malathion Insecticide Factsheet. Journal of Pesticide Reform 12(4). Retrieved May 4, 2008, from

The population dynamics of Daphnia magna are observed under three different conditions; low, medium, and high density. The effects of different population densities on the survivorship and reproduction of Daphnia are observed over a two-week period within a lab environment. Over the two week period, the numbers of parent Daphnia alive and dead are recorded daily, along with the amount of offspring produced each day. From the main parameter investigated, the net reproductive rate, the results of the experiment support that higher densities result in less successful reproduction and decreased fecundity. Values for the instantaneous growth rate of the populations also suggests that low and medium density populations allow for

Accurate thresholds are unavailable a good reference is the amount of damage occurring and wether its feasible to use insecticides.

There are different types of pesticides, which include the contact, the dust and wettables and the systemic ones. In the study of CCD, several pesticides are being investigated with emphasis being laid on antibiotics, miticides and neonicotinoid pesticides. Just like other insects are vulnerable to pesticides, bees are no exception. Since bees are also insects by nature, the alleged role of pesticides in CCD is justified. Neonicotinoids are pesticides that contain nicotine and the most widely used are imidacloprid and clothianidin, whose effects on other insects are similar to those exhibited in CCD. The effects of miticides are disastrous as they involve the reduction of not only the sperm count among the drones, but also the viability of those sperms (Timbrell, 2002).

New Hampshire is known for having many farms spread out throughout the state, especially in Coos County. Because of this, many bugs come to survive off of the crops that grow here. If bugs keep eating the plants, then the quality of the crop will go down. It’s not just bugs that come to live off the plants, it is also animals like deer, bears, moose, and many more. All of these pests coming to steal and eat the plants can cause the land to lose moisture and lower the quality as well. This has affected the farming community greatly. It also affects stores and the people that shop there because the animals and bugs ruin a generous amount of crops. The less plants

Daphnia are used to test water toxicity, they are a vital part of fresh water ecosystems. They are a food source for smaller fish and invertebrates and considered to be a consumer of algae and bacteria (Elbert, 2005). These small crustaceans range in size from 2-5mm long and are commonly referred to as water fleas. Daphnia belong to the group called Daphniidae, which is a relative of freshwater shrimp. It is easy to see the internal organs of daphnia because of a transparent taco shell like carapace. A carapace is the hard outer part of a shell or covering. A daphnia’s life span can range between 1-56 days. (Elenbaas, 2013; Clare 2002). The comfortable pH level for daphnia is between 7.2 and 8.5 (Clare, 2002).

Students received the same 1x10-2M stock solution of their assigned insecticide. A serial dilution was conducted by combining 200µL of the 1x10-2M stock solution and 1.8mL of DMSO into a test tube and was labeled 1x10-3M. A 200µL sample of the 1x10-3M solution and 1.8mL of DMSO was placed into two glass test tubes created two 1x10-4 solutions. Four filters were cut to fit inside plastic cups. The two 1x10-4solutions were applied to two of the cut filters. The remaining two filters were saturated with 2mL of DMSO as the control. The four filters dried for approximately 30 minutes. Four plastic cups were labeled: Adult 1x10-4, Adult control, Juvenile 1x10-4, Juvenile control. The dry filters were placed into the designated plastic cups. Five

Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman, 2000) is currently one of the most serious parasitic mite that affects Apis mellifera L. colonies. This mite completes all its life cycle inside the beehives, sucking the haemolymph of the pupae and adult bees. When this mite colonizes a hives, the beekeepers must conduct different acaricide treatments to control parasite population size and prevent the death of the colonies. Currently, the control of the mite is based, mainly, on the use of synthetic acaricides, especially pyrethroids.

Figure 1 illustrates the effects of four insecticides on adult crickets at four different concentrations over the span of 24 hours. Taking the average of all the dead crickets at each concentration, dividing by five, and multiplying by 100 found the % response. The probit number was found from the % response number. Taking the probit number, diving by 10, and multiplying by 100 found the % probit response, which is shown on the y-axis. The log of the four concentrations used represents the log dose on the x-axis.

This smaller mudskipper usually seen in groups eats small crabs, prawns and insects, and digs burrows on soft mudflats while spitting out balls of mud. They attract females by doing jumping vigorously and raising their orange-and-black dorsal fins. Once paired, they will defend their burrows and surrounding territory against all intruders, including mangrove crabs, sometimes spitting mud at them. They are more adapted to land than water due to their smaller gill size relative to other mudskippers, which makes them to be less efficient at aquatic respiration.

The main advantage of using horticulture oils is their short persistence in the environment due to rapid degradation (Russ). These insecticides breakdown quickly in the environment, resulting in little risk of residues on food crops, and little if any effect on wildlife and nontarget insects in the environment. Oil sprays are exceptionally safe to humans, and are less toxic because of the method by which they kill target pests (Lewis). Oils are not poisons. The primary way horticultural oil kills insects is by suffocating them. The thin film of oil covers the target insect or mite and plugs the spiracles or pores through which it breathes (Lewis). Horticultural oils also work by disrupting insect feeding and egg laying when the pest is entirely coated (Murray 5). Large, motile insects and animals that breathe by another method are not affected by these oils. Another advantage of oil applications is the absence of objectionable odors. Also, compared to many insecticides, oils are usually inexpensive, making them more affordable for applying in areas of widespread infestation. Most of these organocides are rapid acting and most, but not all, are of low to moderate toxicity to mammals. However, this short persistence can also be deemed a disadvantage since multiple applications may be needed to achieve adequate pest suppression. Horticultural oils have minimal phytotoxic

The toxicity of the two biorational insecticides, Spinosad and NPVs, against neonates of Spodoptera littoralis (Bosiduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was tested under laboratory conditionsin order to determine the competitive efficacy. The ability of Spinosad to protect the SpliNPV from Ultra Violet effects under synthetic laboratory conditions was determined, and some biological aspects of both biorational insecticides and their mixture were studied. In order to determine whether or not there is a synergetic effect when both of these biorational pesticides are added together, six different Spinosad concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 30 ppm) alone and mixed with a sub-lethal concentration of SpliNPV (1×10 3 ) were investigated. When the Ultra Violet effect was determined, the LC 90 of NPVs mixed with LC10 of Spinosad, in order to investigate the ability of Spinosad in prolonging the virus activity. Sample: Department of Entomology (Virology Unit)

Health Risk Assessment of Malathion Use Malathion is an insecticide used for the control and elimination of many outdoor insects. 1 It has been cleared and registered for the use on food, feed and ornamental crops in both residential and agricultural environments. Malathion is similar to many other insecticides in the way it bonds with AChE (Acetylcholinesterase), which is an enzyme that breaks down Acetylcholine by bonding at the nerve junction. When Malathion’s metabolite “malaoxon” has bound to AChE, however, Acetylcholine itself will not break down. Instead it builds up at the nerve junction and due to this stockpile, overruns and overstimulates the nervous system. This is effective with many insects, including mosquitoes. Mosquitoes have unfortunately become the carrier of a multitude of diseases, and due to this many towns and states have decided that something must be done in order to help eradicate these disease-vessels. While a full-scale elimination would hurt the ecosystem, it is important for the survivability of an area to reduce the amount of mosquitoes within it. In order to reduce an organism’s numbers with an insecticide, the product must be evaluated and tested to ensure safety to the rest of the eco-community. A 4 step risk assessment must be conducted to identify and categorize the risks associated with a given product.

Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Timberlake) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is solitary endoparasitoid associated with mealybugs. Parasitoid having very good biocontrol potential against Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The parasitoid affected by several pesticides sprayed on vineyards for the control of pest species. Bioassay of nine different pesticides through dry film method was conducted in the laboratory by using adults and pupae of parasitoid. Among tested pesticides Spirotetramate and Horti-Impact caused high mortality of adult parasitoid and similarly these pesticides also found toxic towards adult emergence of parasitoid. Whereas, drenching of Imidacloprid and Clothianidin cause moderate mortality of parasitoids emerged from cocoons. The emerged parasitoids from treated cocoons were tested for their longevity. Even 24 hours after treatment (HAT) Agroclean (10.00%), Azadirachtin 5% (16.66%), Spida (20.00%), Brigade (30.00%) and Azadirachtin 1%