i. Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverage. ii. The consumption of coffee is increasing worldwide.
b. (Why is the topic important?)
i. We can assume that coffee consumers consist of a significant number of people who are at a higher risk of developing heart disease (HD). It may be due to various reasons such as genetic predisposition for HD, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. ii. If drinking coffee increases the risk of HD, those people may not be aware that their physical health could be compromised by the habit of drinking coffee. On the contrary, if coffee consumption does not affect health, this study could help them to eliminate concerns about the side effects of coffee consumption. iii. The large number of coffee
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Studies supported the hypothesis that coffee consumption increases the HD risk are conducted to examine the association of the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among people in a specific region. ii. One study is conducted among Italians. During a mean follow-up of 10.9 years, the sample of 43,249 volunteers showed that the hazard ratios (HRs) increased with the increasing number of cups of coffee intake per day4. The study demonstrates that coffee consumers are more prone to CHD. It found that people who drunk more than two cups of coffee per day had a high HR compared to the reference group who drunk only one cup per day4. b. i. Studies supported the hypothesis are conducted to examine association of the risk of HD on a molecular level.
i. One study examines the association of myocardial infarction (MI) risk and coffee consumption at the molecular level5. The odd ratios (ORs) of MI associated with drinking four cups of coffee per day for people with CYP1A2*1F genotype was 1.64. The ORs for people with CYP1A2*1A genotype is 0.995. It shows that the risk of getting MI increases significantly when people with CYP1A2*1F allele drink coffee. ii. One study examines the relation between the serum lipid concentration and the coffee consumption8. The study found that reduced coffee consumption could bring the cholesterol level down in the 10 weeks trail8. As high level of cholesterol level is associated
Burke, V., & Beilin, L. J. (2000). Coffee, caffeine, and blood pressure. Cardiovascular Reviews and Reports, 21(4), 187-192.
Fortunately, the current examination has shown coffee to continue a of good health choice, as lengthy as one is not topping more than 3 topping-bout a day. This guideline is based on the deed that the cardinal element found in coffee is a intermix called caffeine. Caffeine is a of nature intermix made from more than 50 vegetable sources. While caffeine in undue amount has been linked to some increased freedom from disease
Coffee contains many different compounds and not just caffeine alone. Therefore, consumption of coffee results in diverse health outcomes. This means that coffee can have its advantages and disadvantages.
- The high long-term consumption of caffeine is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
All of my life I have heard reasons for and against coffee drinking, and being raised a Mormon I was always taught that it was bad. Upon doing research for this paper, I have come to find that it is quite the opposite. Granted, there will always be adverse affects for varying people who drink it, but the health benefits far out weigh the negative association these beans have been ground up to be. First, I will start with the negative side affects since they are minimal. Drinking coffee can cause irritability, nervousness, hand trembling, rapid heartbeat, high cholesterol, and possibly anxiety or panic attacks. Not to mention diarrhea, muscle tremors, and insomnia (which can be avoided if you stop drinking it before a certain time during the day; so your not up all night!). Next, I will grind through the health benefits of drinking coffee over time. Six or more cups of joe daily has been proven to lower Type 2 Diabetes by 54% in men and 30% in women; because it increases insulin sensitivity due to the antioxidants in coffee. It also helps to reduce the risk of several cancers such as liver, endometriosis, colon, and skin cancers (the caffeine in coffee is used in some lotions and applied topically can help prevent skin cancer). Your regular brew can also help with minor health problems such as lifting your mood, improving social skills, short term memory, headaches, prevent cavities, and relief of muscle pain. Java can also help prevent more serious disease or ailments
An estimated sample size of 235 study subjects across two centers in Hawaii and Massachusetts is foreseen. This sample size was selected based on the literature, and standard statistics charts showing an effect size, E/S = 0.30, α = 0.050, and β = 0.100, and at a power = 0.900. It is envisaged that there will be a total of 117 study subjects at the center in Hawaii and 118 study subjects at the center in Massachusetts. An effect size > 0.10 was chosen in order to detect a meaningful magnitude of the association of coffee consumption with the incidence of PDD in the population. A large enough sample
adults drink at least one cup of coffee a day. This is not surprising because many research studies have shown that moderate amount of caffeine has no apparent physiological or psychological risk on adults. Although one or two cups of coffee may be okay to drink everyday, regular use can cause mild physical dependence and it can lead to excessive caffeine intake. Stress in particular is highly associated with coffee consumption (Conway, Vickers, Ward, & Rahe, 1981). A sample of 34 U.S. Navy petty officers were training to become company commanders at the Naval Training Center and their job involved marked systematic variation in occupational stress. The participants responded to questionnaires that measured their stress level on a scale of one to five, indicating subjective stress and a Mood Questionnaire (MQ) containing 40 adjectives. Also they had to fill out a health status form that measured cigarette smoking, coffee consumption, and alcohol consumption. Major result show that the number of cups of coffee consumed during the average high stress week (M=47.4) was significantly higher than under low stress week (M=33.6). Therefore, people differ in the tendency to increase or decrease habitual coffee consumption in response to varying levels of stress. In other words, Conway et al.’s (1981) results suggest that consumption of caffeine increases during periods of stress in daily life. LOOK AT 8th reference and
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for approximately one half of all cardiac deaths [Zipes and Wellens, 1998], and, although coronary artery disease (CAD) underlies most SCD events, SCD may be the first manifestation of CAD in many individuals, especially women [Albert et al., 2003]. Coffee and other caffeine-containing beverages such as tea, colas, and guarana, a soft drink made from the caffeine-rich seeds of a South American fruit pass certain kind of diseases. Many ills have been ascribed to caffeine, but few have been substantiate [Frost et al., 2005].The effect of caffeine on a disease often associate with caffeine namely, disruption of cardiac rhythm. Arrhythmias are often due to structural heart disease caused by atherosclerosis, hypertension,
Heart Disease: A lot of studies have been done on the relationship between caffeine and heart disease. While scientists don't believe it is a primary cause of these diseases, it can make all of them worse. Caffeine raises blood pressure, causes angina attacks and can cause difficulties in those who have murmurs.
One report reveals that “coffee consumption [is} inversely associated with type-2 diabetes risk in a dose-response manner [and increasing] coffee consumption by 1 cup a day [is] associated with 7% lower risk” (Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Appendix E-2.39a). As long as consumers stay under the five cup limit most of the time they will reap the benefits, even when choosing a decaffeinated option. This awful disease is very prevalent, affecting some 29.1 million Americans according the American Diabetes Association in 2012, amounting to 9.3% percent of the population. That is a compelling number, and the bad news does not stop there. According to the National Cancer Institute research, in 2014 alone, an estimated 1.4 million Americans will be diagnosed with cancer (“Statistics”
(1983) conducted a double-blind crossover study to determine the effects of caffeine consumption from coffee on blood pressure. One hundred male volunteers between the ages 20-30 served as subjects in this study. The subjects were divided into two treatment groups where the group either consumes caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. There was a control period for one week where the subjects did not consume neither types of coffee. In this study, heavy daily coffee consumption was determined to be eight cups of coffee or 504 milligrams of caffeine. The study lasted for four weeks and subjects drank eight cups of regular and caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee of the same brand daily. After an hour of the consumption of caffeine, the subjects’ blood pressures were measured using an electronic Sphygmomanometer for six times
One part of the human body that too much consumption of caffeine can affect negatively the your heart. Caffeine speeds up your brain cells, which speeds up your heart beat in the process. Too much caffeine will also raise your blood pressure. Caffeine using adults were polled on their stress levels given a 1 to 5 rating, with 5 being the most stressful. With each stress rating, each adult averaged a 1.7/0.4 mm Hg in blood pressure, and 1.8 beats per minute more in heart rate than adults in the lower stress rating (Lane, J.D., 2002). With further testing, they found that stress level and caffeine went hand in hand, with the highest caffeine users being the ones with 5 stress ratings. This study showed that consuming caffeinated beverages raises your blood pressure and heart rate by a considerable amount. In the same study as above, they used 500 mg of caffeine (close to 4 cups of coffee) to see how much it raised a person’s blood pressure throughout a single day. On average a person’s blood pressure was 4 mm Hg higher during than day than on a normal
Caffeinated beverages also provoke the risk of diabetes. Barry Michael Popkin, a food science researcher, et al, discovered that “[p]eople who consume sugary drinks regularly—1 to 2 cans a day or more—have a 26% greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than people who rarely have such drinks” (par 2). Due to the high quantity of sugar in the beverages, the amount of glucose in the bloodstream increases. The body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot use it effectively, causing drastic effects. Due to the high amounts of sugar in caffeinated beverages, lasting and even fatal consequences to a person’s weight and blood stream.
One study examines the association of myocardial infarction (MI) risk and coffee consumption at the molecular level5. The odd ratios (ORs) of MI associated with drinking four cups of coffee per day for people with CYP1A2*1F genotype was 1.64. The ORs for people with CYP1A2*1A genotype is 0.995. It shows that the risk of getting MI increases significantly when people with CYP1A2*1F allele drink coffee.
It was a cross-sectional study that was performed on humans in South Korea. The sample size consisted of 10,177 Korean individuals aged 20-97 who had participated in the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Coffee consumption and depression were self-assessed by participants using a questionnaire. Participants were divided into five groups based on their consumption levels: drinking less than one cup of coffee a week, one to six cups a week, one cup a day, two cups a day and three or more cups a day. Subsequent multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for depression.