a. (Introduce broad topic; get the reader’s attention)
i. Coffee is the most widely consumed beverage. ii. The consumption of coffee is increasing worldwide.
b. (Why is the topic important?)
i. We can assume that coffee consumers consist of a significant number of people who are at a higher risk of developing heart disease (HD). It may be due to various reasons such as genetic predisposition for HD, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. ii. If drinking coffee increases the risk of HD, those people may not be aware that their physical health could be compromised by the habit of drinking coffee. On the contrary, if coffee consumption does not affect health, this study could help them to eliminate concerns about the side effects of coffee
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Evidence for the “yes” side
a. (Outline the evidence for the “yes” side)
i. Studies supported the hypothesis that coffee consumption increases the HD risk are conducted to examine the association of the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among people in a specific region. ii. One study is conducted among Italians. During a mean follow-up of 10.9 years, the sample of 43,249 volunteers showed that the hazard ratios (HRs) increased with the increasing number of cups of coffee intake per day4. The study demonstrates that coffee consumers are more prone to CHD. It found that people who drunk more than two cups of coffee per day had a high HR compared to the reference group who drunk only one cup per day4. b. i. Studies supported the hypothesis are conducted to examine association of the risk of HD on a molecular level.
i. One study examines the association of myocardial infarction (MI) risk and coffee consumption at the molecular level5. The odd ratios (ORs) of MI associated with drinking four cups of coffee per day for people with CYP1A2*1F genotype was 1.64. The ORs for people with CYP1A2*1A genotype is 0.995. It shows that the risk of getting MI increases significantly when people with CYP1A2*1F allele drink coffee. ii. One study examines the relation between the serum lipid concentration and the coffee consumption8. The study found that reduced coffee consumption could bring the cholesterol level down in the 10 weeks trail8. As
Burke, V., & Beilin, L. J. (2000). Coffee, caffeine, and blood pressure. Cardiovascular Reviews and Reports, 21(4), 187-192.
Can someone tell me why they drink coffee? Well, most people think of it as a powerful drink that gives them energy whenever they need it. I am here to tell you that coffee works a lot differently than most of us think. It does something completely different than what you might expect to your body. And coffee is not the same for everyone, to some living things it’s even poisonous. Even its name is deceiving because coffee is not even a bean at all. I am not here to dissuade you from drinking coffee, but rather inform you about how coffee affects us and how our bodies deal with it. So next time when you chug down a cup you should know what you’re doing to your body.
Millions of people all around the world drink coffee in the mornings,but most people don't go overboard with it and use it as an escape goat like Mary Curley. Mary soft addiction which was drinking coffee in the morning to drinking coffee when ever she is stress became her addiction. She would disappear into a closet at work whenever things became stressful and wouldn't come out until she finishes her coffee. “These day I'm doing more and more” (490) Mary states, by drinking more and more she puts her health at risk. By drinking too much coffee it can cause you to have a rapid heart rate which is not good for you and can lead you to having other health risks.
Coffee contains many different compounds and not just caffeine alone. Therefore, consumption of coffee results in diverse health outcomes. This means that coffee can have its advantages and disadvantages.
The data from the mean indicates that caffeine consumption resulted in a heart rate increase for all the patients at an average of 12 units from the normal rate. In addition, the standard deviation post consumption is consistent with mean as it was represented by a factor of 9.74 before the caffeine and 11.58 after. The high deviation after caffeine could be attributed to the fact that caffeine does effect each person differently. The median and mean relate heavily, showing that there was not a large presence of outliers in the data and that there is consistency between each participant’s response to caffeine. The normal distribution of the data was evidenced by the interquartile deviations where the lower quartile was 63.50 before patients were served with coffee and upper quartile of 77.50 and with simultaneous changes after caffeine drinks with low quartile being 74.50 and upper quartile at 92.50. The quartiles distributions show steady changes in heart rate with respect to
- The high long-term consumption of caffeine is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
There has been always an indication that coffee could be related in preventing cancer risk. Therefore, many studies were involved to check the accuracy of coffee and its effect on cancer especially prostate cancer (CaP). According to the article Coffee Consumption and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness among African & Caucasian American in a Population-Based Study, there were two studies that examined the effects of Coffee on cancer risk; Meta-analysis and a report from the Health Professionals follow-up study (Arab, Su, Ang, Fontham, Bensen, Mohler, 2011). The meta-analysis indicated a protective relationship between coffee consumption and risk of CaP. The report from the Health Professionals follow-up study indicated that there is no link
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for approximately one half of all cardiac deaths [Zipes and Wellens, 1998], and, although coronary artery disease (CAD) underlies most SCD events, SCD may be the first manifestation of CAD in many individuals, especially women [Albert et al., 2003]. Coffee and other caffeine-containing beverages such as tea, colas, and guarana, a soft drink made from the caffeine-rich seeds of a South American fruit pass certain kind of diseases. Many ills have been ascribed to caffeine, but few have been substantiate [Frost et al., 2005].The effect of caffeine on a disease often associate with caffeine namely, disruption of cardiac rhythm. Arrhythmias are often due to structural heart disease caused by atherosclerosis, hypertension,
Heart Disease: A lot of studies have been done on the relationship between caffeine and heart disease. While scientists don't believe it is a primary cause of these diseases, it can make all of them worse. Caffeine raises blood pressure, causes angina attacks and can cause difficulties in those who have murmurs.
Participants that drank at least one cup of coffee were 37% less likely to die than those who did not and those who drank at least two cups of coffee were 66% less likely. (Maleki & DailyRx News, 2014)
Recent studies show that coffee could help reduce stress. In an experiment, half of the mice were given caffeine in their water and the other half had regular plain water. Then they were all put into stressful situations such as water, cold baths, cages tilted to 45 degrees. And surprisingly, only the mice that had no caffeine intake experienced stress behaviour. A Harvard study also states that it decrease suicidal rate by 50 %. Then, you might think why coffee and not energy drinks? Because not only does the caffeine in coffee help with stress relief, but as well as the fragrance of coffee. A study conducted by a team in Seoul National University found that coffee bean aroma increased the activity of 11 genes and decreased the activity of 2 genes in mice, minimising the stress due to deprived sleep. It also improved genes that produce protein and healthy antioxidants.Yes, it has health benefits
On top of fighting free-radicals, some specific antioxidants in coffee such as kahweol and cafestol help in balancing the cholesterol. Research has also shown that taking coffee lowers the risks of stroke and heart failure.
One part of the human body that too much consumption of caffeine can affect negatively the your heart. Caffeine speeds up your brain cells, which speeds up your heart beat in the process. Too much caffeine will also raise your blood pressure. Caffeine using adults were polled on their stress levels given a 1 to 5 rating, with 5 being the most stressful. With each stress rating, each adult averaged a 1.7/0.4 mm Hg in blood pressure, and 1.8 beats per minute more in heart rate than adults in the lower stress rating (Lane, J.D., 2002). With further testing, they found that stress level and caffeine went hand in hand, with the highest caffeine users being the ones with 5 stress ratings. This study showed that consuming caffeinated beverages raises your blood pressure and heart rate by a considerable amount. In the same study as above, they used 500 mg of caffeine (close to 4 cups of coffee) to see how much it raised a person’s blood pressure throughout a single day. On average a person’s blood pressure was 4 mm Hg higher during than day than on a normal
2. As indicated by another examination led to 100,000 individuals by Dr. Klatsky, a previous teacher at Columbia College School of Doctors and Specialists from 1966 to 1968, claims that at least some espresso a day could help odds of coronary illness by 30% in men and an incredible 60% in ladies.
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages all over the world. Many people love the smell and taste of coffee, and rely on it to help them invigorate their brains and keep refreshed. However, whether coffee is benefit or harm to health is a controversial topic that draws people’s attention all the time. As a result of coffee’s popularity, even small health effects may cause significant public health consequences. More and more studies focus on coffee consumption in connection with all-cause and cause-specific mortality but they reach different conclusions. Several studies have found a positive association between higher levels of coffee consumption and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality (LeGrady et al,