Efforts to Improve the Production of Insecticidal Baculoviruses in Insect Cell Cultures

The article first addresses the issue of whether or not to consider viruses as living. Although viruses used to be thought of as being biological chemicals due to the fact that they consist of nucleic acids

Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and take over both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They consist of two structures, which are the nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid contains all genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, and is enclosed in the capsid, which is the protein coating that helps the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell. In some cases, certain viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid, called an envelope. This structure allows viruses to become more stealthy and protected. There are two cycles in which a virus can go into: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle consists of the virus attaching to a cell, injecting its DNA, and creating more viruses, which proceed to destroy the host. On the other hand, the lysogenic cycle includes the virus attaching to the cell, injecting its DNA, which combines with the cell’s DNA in order for it to become provirus. Then, the provirus DNA may eventually switch to the lytic cycle and destroy the host.

Unlike bacteria, that have everything it needs to reproduce, viruses need to use a living cell's organelles in order to replicate.

In week 1 the Insects (Drosophila) were heat-shocked for 2 hours at 37ºC, and control (Drosophila) at room temperature. Then we collected the proteins from the control and heat-shock insects and put them into labeled microfuge tubes, and then centrifuged both of the tubes and transferred the supernatant of each of the control and heat-shock insects into new labeled microfuge tubes. After preparing samples for the PAGE apparatus, we put our samples in the PAGE apparatus in the order shown in the lab outline on week 1 step 7. Once the PAGE

With the continuous research of these swarms we will better understand the relationship these viruses share with their

virus” (AAV), because they are able to “insert their genetic material at a specific site

Our skin protects the body from various conditions such as, the skin helps to keep our body warm. However, as our body gets older, the skin becomes thinner and weaker making it hard for our body to retain heat. So it is possible that Vanessa’s grandmother is still feeling cold in a warm house because her skin is weaken making it harder for her body temperature to be warm.

Adenoviruses are the cause of a wild range of bad illnesses such as common, sore throat,

There is much scientific debate about whether viruses are alive. Like living creatures, they carry genes and evolve. They are unable to reproduce on their own and must infect living cells and hijack cellular machinery such as ribosomes to copy themselves. Each virus is like a little tank that can blast a hole in the outer cell wall and send its forces in. These intruders change the blueprints in the factory’s headquarters so the factory starts producing more viral tanks.

The levels of the N protein of the virus were determine through ELISA test. Treatments consisted on: a) A. thaliana Wilt Type Columbia – Buffer (Mock); b) A. thaliana Wilt Type Columbia –TSWV; c) A. thaliana mutant dorn1-3 – Buffer; d) A. thaliana mutant dorn1-3 – TSWV; e) A. thaliana line oxDORN1- Buffer; f) A. thaliana line oxDORN1 -TSWV. Inoculation was made 28 to 30 days post-emergence, A. thaliana seedling leaves were manually inoculated with TSWV, either at abaxial and adaxial surface. To test the level of infection, inoculated and non-inoculated young leaves were harvested and frozen 16 days post-inoculation (dpi), and tested by DAS-ELISA using a commercially kit for TSWV (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN, USA) following manufacturer’s instructions. The results of ELISA test showed there is not difference between treatments inoculated with

Adenoviruses are a family of double stranded DNA viruses under the Adenoviridae family, that are found in the human adenoid tissue. Adenoviruses are also classified in 5 other genera (Boundless, 2016). They are responsible for causing infections in the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and conjunctiva. Although they do cause infections in those locations, they are commonly known for their respiratory infections, mainly in the upper tract. Adenoviruses are medium sized, icosahedral, and non-enveloped (Boundless, 2016). According to the Morgridge Institute for Research, icosahedral viruses looks as if it is spherical in shape, but it really is made up of a bunch of equilateral triangles that are fused together into a spherical shape. By the virus having this type of structure, it means that this is the best way it can create a closed shell, and keep the genetic material inside.

Then, the samples were incubated for 35 minutes in 16ºC water bath, the eggs were analyzed under low magnification microscope and scored for egg activation. 1mL of each sample was used to prepare western blot samples, which were centrifuged for 30 seconds at full speed at a micro-centrifuge. MAPK lysis buffer (1% NP-40, 20mM HEPES pH 7, 15mM EGTA and 150mM NaCl) combined with 10x inhibitor cocktail (2mM Pefablock, 10µg/mL Pepstatin, 100mM ß-glycerophosphate, 4mM NaF and 2mM Na3VO4) was prepared, and 48µL of this solution was added to the egg pellets to homogenize them. The samples were centrifuged in a cold-room centrifuge at full speed for 10 minutes. The supernatant was retrieved from each tube and 5X SDS-PAGE buffer was added. The samples were heated at 95ºC for 2 minutes and stored in the

The toxicity of the two biorational insecticides, Spinosad and NPVs, against neonates of Spodoptera littoralis (Bosiduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was tested under laboratory conditionsin order to determine the competitive efficacy. The ability of Spinosad to protect the SpliNPV from Ultra Violet effects under synthetic laboratory conditions was determined, and some biological aspects of both biorational insecticides and their mixture were studied. In order to determine whether or not there is a synergetic effect when both of these biorational pesticides are added together, six different Spinosad concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 30 ppm) alone and mixed with a sub-lethal concentration of SpliNPV (1×10 3 ) were investigated. When the Ultra Violet effect was determined, the LC 90 of NPVs mixed with LC10 of Spinosad, in order to investigate the ability of Spinosad in prolonging the virus activity. Sample: Department of Entomology (Virology Unit)

Methods: The cultured Vero cells were infected with rubella virus. The cells of the control and experimental groups were harvested at 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours following the incubation period. The cells were processed and embedded in paraffin. Then, isotropic uniform random sections of the cells were obtained using ‘‘isector’’ method. Invariator, nucleator, and surfactor were applied to estimate the size of the Vero cells and their nuclei.

The virus responsible for rhizomania, beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is vectored by an