RULE BASED EXPERT SYSTEMS
November 2015
Table of Contents
Abstract 1
1. Elements of a Rule Based Expert System: 2
Rules 2
USER INTERFACE 2
EXPLANATION FACILITY 3
WORKING MEMORY 3
INFERENCE ENGINE 4
AGENDA 4
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION FACILITY 4
2. Architecture of a Rule Based System: 5
3. Theory of Rule Based Systems: 6
4. Advantages of Rule Based Expert Systems: 7
5. Conclusion/Summing Up/In Summary 7
6. How will your use case bring value to IGATE business/vertical 7
7. References 8
8. About the Authors 8
Abstract
Rule based systems are the simplest form of artificial intelligence.These were invented in the early 1970’s and are still in use today.
Rules are the popular paradigm for representing knowledge. They
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Elements of a Rule Based Expert System:
A rule based expert system consists of the following components:
Rules
Any rules consists of two parts: the IF part, called the antecedent (premise or condition) and the THEN part called the consequent (conclusion or action)
IF
THEN
A rule can have multiple antecedents joined by the keywords AND (conjunction), OR (disjunction) or a combination of both.
IF AND/OR
THEN
Rules can represent:
· Relation: IF the ‘fuel tank’ is empty THEN the car is dead
· Recommendation: IF the season is autumn AND the sky is cloudy AND the forecast is drizzle THEN the advice is ‘take an umbrella’
· Directive: IF the car is dead AND the ‘fuel tank’ is empty THEN the action is ‘refuel the car’
· Strategy: IF the car is dead THEN the action is ‘check the fuel tank’; step1 complete IF step1 is complete AND the ‘fuel tank’ is full THEN the action is ‘check the battery’; step2 is complete
· Heuristic: IF the spill is liquid AND the ‘spill pH’ < 6 AND the ‘spill smell’ is vinegar THEN the ‘spill material’ is ‘acetic acid’
USER INTERFACE
This is a mechanism to support communication between the user and the system. The user interface may be a simple text-oriented display or a sophisticated, high resolution graphic display. It is determined at the time of designing the system. Nowadays graphical user interfaces are very common for their
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It decides which rules are satisfied by the facts, prioritizes them, and executes the rule with the highest priority. There are two types of inference: forward chaining and backward chaining. Forward chaining is reasoning from facts to the conclusion while backward chaining is from hypothesis to the facts that support this hypothesis. Whether an inference engine performs forward chining or backward chaining entirely depends on the design which in turn depends on the type of problem. Some of the systems that do forward chaining are OPS5 and CLIPS. E-MYCIN one of the most popular systems performs backward chining. Some systems, ART and KEE, for example, offer both the techniques. Forward chaining is best suited for prognosis, monitoring and control. Backward chaining is generally used for diagnostic problems. E-MYCIN deduces the list of possible culprit bacteria based on symptoms provided by the physician. Inference engine operates in cycles, executing a group of tasks until certain criteria causes that halt the execution. The tasks to be done repeatedly are conflict resolution, act, match and check for halt. Multiple rules may be activated and put on the agenda during one
it’s a formal deduction system in which formulae representing propositions can be formed by combining atomic propositions using logical connectives.
Do you need to jumpstart an automobile or are you locked out of your car or have a dead battery or ran out of gas. Don't worry, make your search for roadside services in your area easy by
The reconstructing of the car is important because it will let you know if the oil change was done successfully. Checking the new oil level is crucial to determining if the oil change was done right or not. Start the car and let it run for five minutes, but make sure the engine oil cap is back on so oil does not spew everywhere. When the car is turned off, use the oil dipstick, which is in the engine bay, to check the oil level. If the stick reads that the level is good, the oil
You can identify whether you need oil by checking the oil levels with the dipstick. If levels seem off, you should refill the oil or take your car in for an oil change—or both. When using the dipstick, clean it off and put it into the proper hole titled "oil." Remove the dipstick and look for the oil line. If the oil line sits above or in between the two marks or holes on the stick, you are fine. If it is below the lower line, you need more oil—and probably an oil
“Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the
As stated in our textbook the concept of the logical "or" and the logical "and":
Next, turn the car on for about ten seconds so the oil filter gets full of oil, turn off the car check the level again now the level will drop because the oil filter is full add more oil and make sure the level is F. At this point you are done with the oil change all you have to do is recover all the old engine oil and dispose of it properly some of the auto parts stores take the old oil. Drive the car and make sure there is no engine oil leaking from under the
The next step is to remove the fuel line going to the carburetor from the gas tank. This line is usually rubber. It is always a good idea to check the line for cracks, cuts and holes. To do this just take the line in both hand and bed it. If cracks are noticeable then it is a good Idea to replace it. If there is a hole in the line, then it will leak and potentially cause a fire or not give the carburetor adequate fuel. Now
To park the car, come to a complete stop in the place you would like to park, put the car in neutral, then apply the e-brake, and shut the car off.
There is no gas gauge so you have to measure the fuel level in the tank. Lift up the passenger seat cushion (usually easiest to set it on the floor in front of the passenger seat) and unscrew the gas cap. Most of us have a stick that looks like a wooden paint stirrers somewhere close to the gas tank and you dip it into the tank, pull it back out and look how far up the stick is wet with gasoline. Model T tanks hold about 10 gallons and get 20 to 25 miles per gallon. Often the stick is marked in gallons and you can figure out how many gallons you have and how many you can add. Don't over fill the tank as the fill cap is above the exhaust pipe which gets very hot when you drive. Don't let it run out because - I don't have to explain that do
1) Secondary rules are ones that arrange agendas, through which primary rules can be imposed and/or altered. (Ferdinand, 2013) They are ones that can negotiate power. Hart splits secondary rules into three separate categories. They include, rules of adjudications, rules of change and rules of recognition. (Ferdinand, 2013) The rules of adjudication are created to permit a community to determine any disputes regarding legal offences. (Ferdinand, 2013) The second, rules of change, allow other rules to be formed through primary rules. (Ferdinand, 2013) In any society, there are unique situations that arise and not every issue is completely clear-cut. The last one, rules of recognitions reveal the confirmation of a law by the community. They justify
Within our software we are also using user agents that have rules attached depending on how an item is feed into the system. The rules could auto-route to users, route for approval based off dollars amounts, verification of account information, and filing of work depending on how the work is labeled. We continue to utilize the system to work harder for us and will continue to take advantage of new products and agents available.
The field of artificial intelligence gained in popularity during the twentieth century, accompanying the rise in ubiquity of computers. During this time, the main goal of research was to use computers to solve problems in an intelligent manner. In other words, researchers sought to develop algorithms that learn how to solve problems. Quinlan mentions that one group of researchers focused on creating programs that learn through a feedback cycle of self-testing and “adjusting internal parameters.” A good example of this would be a program written to play checkers against itself many thousands of times. Each time a sequences of moves produces a winning result, that sequence is given a
3) Inference Engine: If control rules are relevant then it decides the input to the plant. The Inference