Equivalence is the central notion in discussing translation studies across decades, including theoretical or practical. “Proponents of equivalence-based theories of translation usually define equivalence as the relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT) that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST in the first place”(Baker ed. 1998:77). Mona Baker stated that the use of the notion of equivalence is ‘for the sake of convenience because most translators are used to it rather than because it has any theoretical status’ (1992:5-6). In this paper, I will assess the notion in light of the theories put forward by Eugene Nida and Werner Koller.
Eugene Nida's formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence
Eugene Nida attempted to give a more scientific sense in translation studies, by
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Equivalence (1979)
Werner Koller examined the concept of equivalence and correspondence. In particular, “correspondence involves the comparison of two language systems where differences and similarities are described contrastively”, whereas “equivalence deals with equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts”. (1979)
In order to explain what is equivalent to what, Koller (1979) differentiates five types of equivalence: (a) denotative equivalence involving the extralinguistic context of a text. (b) connotative equivalence relating to lexical choices. (c) text-normative equivalence relating to text-types (d) pragmatic equivalence involving the receiver of the text or message and (e) formal equivalence relating to the form and aesthetics of the text formal equivalence.(p.186-191).
Koller also argued that “a hierarchy of values can be preserved in translation only if the translator comes up with a hierarchy of equivalence requirements for the target text” (1979 p. 89). Koller’s work bring translator's‟ attention into various types and ways, in which the kind of equivalence people wanted nowadays may be
Now let’s make a comparison between translations for some passages which translators might show disagreement about because of the lack of clarity or missing fragments of text or abundance of synonyms or ambiguous referents.
In the interpretation from the ST to the TT there is fluctuating level of exoticism and calque and also social transplantation. A case of this is in the main passage where the TT utilized "God", yet then in the following sentence utilizes "Allah". Allah is not an English word, but rather a social transplantation from Arabic. Another illustration is the point at which they gave more setting to "Ya Allah" however including the clarification of "getting out woefully". This give the peruse of the TT a clarification with regards to the activity being minded out in the ST. The intentions in minding out a different type of interpreting is so that the ST TT still can have a similar impact. That way the peruse of the TT who could conceivably have a social comprehension of the first ST have a superior comprehension of the activity, which means, or profundity of the content in its unique stature. In interpretation of writings a primary part is to decipher not recently each word, but rather the foundation of each word in a way that significance has not been lost
Abstract. Word repetition is a feature that exists in all languages, and serves different purposes, rhetorical, emphatic, or otherwise. A problematic issue arises when a translation is attempted of repeated words in a target text. The dilemma is that owing to the different ways of expression and tools available to every language, what fits one language may prove absurd in another. When
Theory of translation: One puts primary emphasis on formal or on functional equivalency bridging into modern language.
If the hypothetical country, inequiland, has a HDI of .75 and a GII of .50, that means they are a high developing country, but they have a high GII which means that there is very little gender equality. Since it is a high developing country, that means that they have made significant advances in social, political, and environmental progress. They have pretty good health care and a long average life span, and there is significantly better educational opportunities than lower developing countries. However, since they have a high GII, they have not made significant advances in equality. This means that they do not have women in parliament, a high adolescent birth rate, and a high women labour force participation rate. Gender equality is very important
Clostridium difficile or more commonly known as C. diff is a bacterium that lives in the microflora of human intestines. Clostridium, refers to its spindle shape, and difficile is Latin for difficult. It gets its name because it is very hard to kill. This bacterium is able to in anaerobic conditions and it can live on a surface for up to 90 days. Each year C. diff infects roughly 500,000 people in the United States and often causes hospitalization (AGA). C. diff is able to infect a wide variety of people. Some are: people on antibiotics, the elderly, people that have been hospitalized for an extended period of time, people that live in a nursing home, and people that have a weak immune system. An infection is most commonly associated with health care and recent antibiotic use, occurring in hospitals and other
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Introduction: In this essay we shall undertake the above assignment title in the following way. Firstly; we shall look briefly at some exegetical issues, which may affect, the actual translation of the text. Secondly we shall endeavour to examine the differing opinions of interpretation concerning the passage and the identity of the servant in particular, interacting and engaging with both the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the prospective views. Thirdly; a brief conclusion will be given.
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I claim that on at least four counts, Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein present clearly analogous form: indirect
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