In the current study, examination of the antifungal activity of the rizobacteria S. proteamaculans against A. solani revealed a strong inhibitory action against the air borne pathogen in the dual culture bioassay (Fig. 1). The strain ability to stop fungal growth suggested production of one or more of the direct inhibitory substances such as antibiotic(s), hydrolytic enzymes, siderophore, or hydrogen cyanid (Shanahan et al. 1992; Palumbo et al. 2005; Voisard et al. 1989; Kloepper et al. 1980). Nevertheless, we hypothesized that application of the bacterial strain as a foliar spray (direct mechanism) would not be feasible due to the bacterial survival challenge. Thus, we investigated the strain's ability to suppress the early blight disease …show more content…
Incidentally, a study by khan et al. (2012) used the rhizobacteria Paenibacillus lentimorbus B-30488r as foliar spray to control early blight disease in tomato and results suggested that foliar application of bacteria reduced disease incidence by 45.3% via inducing plant resistance, degrading the fungus cell wall, and competing for nutrients. Furthermore, results in Fig (2) indicated that blight disease symptoms in plants treated with S. proteamaculans and challenged with A. solani was reduced significantly compared to untreated plants. Accordingly, the observed alleviation of disease severity and symptoms could be attributed to increase tomato resistance to infection due to S. proteamaculans application where the indirect mechanism of S. proteamaculans as a sole possible mechanism against the pathogen and induction of the plant defence system was the only explanation of resistance.
The plant defence system can be stimulated by various inducers such as pathogens (Penninckx et al. (1998), chemical compounds (Flors et al. 2003), plant extracts (Latha et al. 2009), organic matters (Youssef and Tartoura 2013) and microorganisms (Khan et al. 2012). In this regard, induction of plants systemic resistant include enzymatic and non enzymatic pathways. Consequently, induction of the antioxidant enzymes, secondary metabolites and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins such as SOD, GPX, PAL and ß -1,3 glucanase are considered an important measure of the plant induced
This experiment is designed to test the allelopathy of two different treatments, Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cinerea) and Lemon (Citrus limon). The two treatments will be tested on radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) to investigate the effect of the treatments on the germination of the radish seeds. Allelopathy is the beneficial or harmful effects that one plant has on another plant by the release of chemicals. Allelopathy studies the interactions among plants, fungi, algae and bacteria with the organisms living in a certain ecosystem, interactions that are mediated by the secondary metabolites produced and exuded into the environment (Francisco A Macías, José MG Molinillo, Rosa M Varela, Juan CG Galindo 2007). The plants use
Using personal items of someone who has MRSA, such as towels, wash cloths, clothes or athletic equipment.
Hobart and William Smith Colleges. (2017). Lab 04 BIOL 1510 Lab Manual Plant Defenses F2017 - Biology - StuDocu. Retrieved from https://www.studocu.com/en/document/hobart-and-william-smith-colleges/biology/lecture-notes/lab-04-biol-1510-lab-manual-plant-defenses-f2017/1396233/view
However, everybody who has contact with the patient or the environment is entitled to relevant information that will enable them to reduce the risks of transmission to
A couple times a year local and national mass media put the spotlight on problems connected to antibiotic overuse. Some people consider those problems to be real and serious, and others think that the discussed topics are nothing more than new “fashionable” subjects to talk about, distracting people from “real” problems, such as climbing gas prices or war expenses. Meanwhile, antibiotic overuse continues as a common practice among US doctors and agribusinesses for the last 20 years. The practice of antibiotic overuse has put patient’s health at risk, contributed to antibiotic resistance and increased bacterial mutation to a new, stronger level; as well as it hitting the economy with new costly expenses in health care. It is time to stop
Materials and Methods: The following procedure has been derived from the Plant Defenses Lab used by Blanar in 2018, and modified with the deviation of the tested plant defensive compounds of coffee and kava to green tea and black tea. In addition, a few of the steps were adjusted in order to fit within the parameters of the experiment. A plastic pipette was used to collect nine Daphnia magna specimens from the larger container of Daphnia magna.
by Dr. Alexander Fleming. As test continued, Fleming began to realize that he was on the verge of a great discovery. However, he still did not know the identity of the fungus, and had little knowledge of fungi. His crude extracts could be diluted 1,000 times and still be effective in killing bacteria. After years of working on penicillin and going nowhere, many of his co-workers grew tired of hearing about it. The first real test for penicillin came when a 48-year-old police officer nicked himself shaving. After a time, Alexander's face became infected and he developed a temperature. When he was rushed to the hospital, the doctors believed that he had only hours
Everyday there are children receiving some kind of prescribed drug for psychological problems such as ADHD,anxiety disorder,autism,and many other disorders.However, children that are given prescribed drugs are usually given to them for convenience rather than necessity.Providing a child prescribed drugs at such a young age can lead to problems with their health in the future as well as other harming side effects,also nutrition is often overlooked and drugs prescribed may be doing more harm than good.Further more, children that are diagnosed with a psychological disorder and receive public assistance are more likely to receive off label medication which can be more dangerous. Therefore, children are not capable of sustaining the effects of prescribed medication because some children may be overdiagnosed and drugged for “parent convenience” ,there are dangerous long term side effects to some of
One environment where bacteria are regularly exposed to antibiotics is in large livestock operations, where producers very often treat their cows and other animals with drugs to prevent epidemics in the unsanitary and overcrowded conditions, which are common in the livestock industry. The simple reason for this is that in the short term it is cheaper to drug up the animals with antibiotics than to keep a clean living environment for them. Another big reason for these producers to drug up the animals is the fact that feeding antibiotics to the livestock makes for larger animals. The problem occurs when bacteria in these animals survive the bombardment of antibiotics, and some always do, the
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been a type of multidrug resistant organism and staph bacteria known to cause serious infection that can lead to long hospitalizations and death. It can begin as a simple infection on skin or in the lungs, and if left untreated, can lead to traveling to the bloodstream and causing sepsis (“Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 2015”). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that 33 percent of individuals carry the staph bacteria intranasally and two percent of individuals carry MRSA (“Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 2015”). Even though this is a serious issue among healthcare settings all over the country, the number of people affected
Some transgenic plants can be resistance to the herbicide roundup and those producing the proteins Bt, which is Bacillus Thuringensis, which has a great potential to reduce the amount of land needed for farming and to also reduce the use of chemical pesticides while reducing the incidence of pesticide resistance. (Soderlund, 2010).
While antibiotics and vaccines have numerous well-known benefits associated with prevention and recovery, what unfamiliar beneficial effects do they contribute to society? When it comes to the topic of antibiotic and vaccine use, most people will readily agree that medical treatment will greatly reduce the chance of getting ill and will improve recovery time. This agreement usually ends, however, on the question: Are antibiotics and vaccines necessary to maintain a healthy society? Whereas some are convinced that the use of antibiotics and vaccines pose a threat to society by inducing antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and encouraging virus mutation, others maintain that resistance and mutation will occur naturally, and without advances in treatment these natural changes of pathogens are the cause of devastating epidemics.
Antibiotics have played a major role in our society thanks to Sir Alexander Fleming's careful observations in 1928. Without it, many lives would be in danger due to infectious diseases. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms and other living systems that are capable in small concentrations of inhibiting the growth of or killing bacteria and other microorganisms. These organisms can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or animals called protozoa. A particular group of these agents is made up of drugs called antibiotics, from the Greek word anti ("against") and bios ("life").
The overuse of antibiotics has been a problem for well over a decade. This misuse leads to many nonvisible problems arising within the human population. As the use of antibiotics increases, the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria also increases. When bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic, another antibiotic must be used to try and kill it and the cycle becomes vicious. Michael Martin, Sapna Thottathil, and Thomas Newman stated that antimicrobial resistance is, “an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society” (2409).
According the World Health Organization (WHO), antibiotic resistance is one of the world’s greatest health threats to date (Haddox, 2013). In the article, The Health Threat of Antibiotic Resistance, Gail Haddox (2013) discusses the danger antibiotic resistance poses in today’s society and strategies to prevent the expansion of antibiotic resistance. In Europe alone, an estimated 25,000 deaths have been attributed to multi-resistant infections (Haddox, 2013). Common infections are now harder to treat due to the increased resistance to antibiotics across the world, in fact some are becoming untreatable. Antibiotics should be treated like oil, a non-renewable resource (Haddox, 2013).