Essay On Crop Simulation

The air around us is constantly getting warmer, in fact 2001-2010 was the warmest decade ever recorded. According to the article,"Signs of Climate Change", the average tempature on Earth is predicted to rise between 4-12 degrees by 2100. The major rise of temperature is later causing droughts to happen more and more. In present day the droughts are already starting to get more powerful, last longer, and happen more often. In 2100 they are way worse than present day and they are continuing to get worse. With the combination of really high temperatures and the drought we are not longer able to grow crops such as corn, cabbage, lettuce, and watermelon here in 2100.

(2014) built on this research by using the biophysical crop production simulation model APSIM (Agricultural Production Simulator, (Keating et al. 2003) with one of the hottest and driest future climate change scenarios (the CSIROMk3.5 A1FI scenario) to provide information on the impact of climate change on cotton yield and irrigation water requirements for the southern Queensland region. These simulations highlight the complexity of the cotton production system especially the ameliorating effect of CO2 fertilisation on growth that would otherwise be highly compromised with decreased rainfall. The simulations indicate yields increasing by 5.9% to 2030, but then decreasing by 3.6% to 2050.

These days, scientific-technology and agricultural technology have been developed. However, in spite of this advancement, weather and climate change has influence on many facets of agriculture on bad side. It can cause the instability of agricultural supply and demand due to frequent unusual weather, the new disease and insect pest and prevalence of weed grasses. On this wise, climate change in agriculture causes great damage.

The CGCM4 under both IPCC RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 in the study area projected a warmer climate in which both precipitation and temperature generally increased (Figure. 2). At the end of the 21st century, the “wet” CGCM4, under IPCC RCP8.5 projected a mean annual temperature increase of 3.7 °C and a mean annual precipitation increase of 18% (RCP8.5-Wet), whereas the “dry” CGCM4 predicted an increase of 4.4°C and a 9% increase in precipitation (RCP8.5-Dry). Compared with IPCC RCP8.5, the CGCM4 projected relatively lower increases in temperature and precipitation under IPCC RCP2.6 (+1.0°C and +10% precipitations in RCP2.6-Wet and +1.6°C and +5% precipitations in RCP2.6-Dry). Therefore, cyclical drought events may last longer and severer in the future in the

There are very many impacts of climate change on agriculture and well-being of humanity. First of all, it has impacts on the biological effects of crop fields, per capita energy consumption and child malnutrition, and outcome of prices and production (Smith et al. 2013). Globalization of food systems increases the vulnerability of the world to food security and increased food prices. In 2010, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization doubled the price index because of the weather conditions in food exporting nations like Australia, United States, and Russia (Hatfield et al. 2014)

Crop acreage responses are related to economic factors as well as climate variables. Every state has productivity differences due to climate variables like temperature and precipitation, as well as economic variables like input prices of and of crop output. Some states have a comparative advantage over other states in growing crops. This heterogeneity of climate makes some states good at producing crops that influence areas of planted crop acreage and yields. The literature suggested that climate has an influence on cropping area and cropping intensity (Toshichika and Ramankutty, 2015). Output prices have an influence on farmers’ decision-making process in allocating land and higher output prices related to price volatility (Gilbert and

1.In the given paper , historical data is used, which suggests the predicted climatic conditions are in resemblance with the already present climate condition at some of the place , which will allow the farmers and plant scientist to easily grow those crops that might be pre-adapted to some extent.

Climate change is happening all over the world, but not only is it affecting humans, but animal and plants as well. Plants are an essential part of everyday life; the plants help us breathe, provide food for humans and animals, and most importantly help us breathe. Climate change is melting the polar ice caps, it is exceeding the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in our atmosphere, rising the sea level, along with many other dangerous changes. Moreover, with the temperature rising many places such as Southern Africa, the Sahel region of Africa, southern Asia, the Mediterranean, and the U.S. Southwest, for example, are getting drier. As Joseph Romm said “A basic prediction of climate science is that many parts of the world will experience longer and deeper droughts, thanks to the combined effects of drying, warming, and the melting of the ice” (p.42).

Climate change and variability poses a major challenge to current and future productivity of major crops. During the last century, there has been a rapid increase in various greenhouse gas emissions, leading to warmer temperatures, drought stress, and increased exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation. At the present rate of population increase and green-house gas emissions it is predicted that future climate will be warmer and drier, and there will be more occurrences of short episodes of extreme events of various stresses. Crops often exposed to short episodes of various abiotic stresses or its combination during its critical period of growth stages can limit its yield potential. Understanding of impact of climate change drivers and climate variability will be critical in developing crop management strategies to combat negative effect of climate change and variability. This review provides an overview of the influences of elevated carbon dioxide, high temperature stress, drought stress, elevated UV-B radiation and their interaction on various physiological, growth and yield processes of various crops. Elevated carbon dioxide will increase crop yield in C3 plants under optimum growth conditions. However, under high temperature, drought and UV-B stress conditions there will be very limited or no benefits of elevated CO2 on grain yield. It is predicted that global mean surface air temperatures will increase in the range of 1.5 to 4.5°C by end of this century. Similarly,

Agriculture is one of the major sector becoming vulnerable to climate-change. Increased incidences of abiotic and biotic stresses are likely to cause serious negative impact on crop production. Abiotic stress is defined as the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. The non-living variable must influence the environment beyond its normal range of variation to adversely affect the performance or individual organism in a significant way. This leads to decrease in the productivity by more than 50% in major crop plants which are growing word wide (Bray et al., 2000). Increased water stress, reduction in rainfall and increased air temperature are the major reasons for yield decline in wheat and paddy crops in many parts of South Asia. The average increase in temperature per decade is measured to be 0.28 ºC over land and 0.12 ºC over ocean and predicted that it is likely to rise further to a maximum of 2.5 ºC by 2050 and 5.8 ºC by 2100 (Jones et al., 1999; Grover et al., 2011). The principal abiotic stresses in India are drought or soil moisture stress, high temperatures, soil salinity/alkalinity, low pH and metal toxicity stresses that affect nearly two-thirds area forming parts of the arid and semi arid eco systems (Grover et al., 2011).

Sub supporting point 2 :According to the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , Rice Physiology Book of 10% is expected to result farmers will be reduced as a result of climatic factors such as sunlight and temperature

Sub supporting point 2 :According to the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , Rice Physiology Book of 10% is expected to result farmers will be reduced as a result of climatic factors such as sunlight and

The objectives that the East of England needs to achieve are tenable but climate change portends a stumbling block. Climate and crop yield relationship is indispensable to understanding the possible impact of future climate and the adaptation techniques to be adopted. In addition, evaluating the impacts of historic climatic trends on crop yield and production, assist in forecasting the possible impacts of future climatic trends, review the ongoing efforts of adaptation and assess the resulting changes that could emerge in production (Lobell and Field, 2007; Lobell et al., 2011).

Throughout the previous century, rise in temperature and surge in CO2 concentration because of innumerable factors comprising alteration land usage pattern [4] and greenhouse gas (GHG) emanations from agricultural and industrial zones [7], have caused variations in the earth’s climate. This surge in the GHG’s emanation is expected to impact the earth’s temperature,

SARAI Smarter Approaches to Reinvigorate Agriculture as an Industry in the Philippines (SARAI) is a project funded by PCAARRD to address the negative effects of climate change through modern tools and techniques. The project focuses on five priority crops namely: rice, corn,