Prediction of potential DDIs
To date, tremendous efforts have been made to predict the magnitude of in vivo DDIs. Several well-established animal and cell-based models are used for studying intestinal metabolism. The traditional method of predicting intestinal metabolism using information from preclinical studies in animals has changed to the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models (PBPK) with in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. These models allowed incorporating intestinal transit times and heterogeneous expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins into mechanistic predictions of intestinal absorption and metabolism. In addition, these models divided the gastrointestinal tract into several compartments
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In another study, Heikkinen et al [79] used PBPK modeling to predict intestinal metabolism of the investigated drugs. They used GastroPlus™ software to predict Fg for 20 CYP3A substrates using in vitro and in silico input data for metabolic clearance and membrane permeability. Their research shed the light over some important aspects in using PBPK models in Fg predictions. First, CYP3A-mediated metabolic clearance measured in human liver microsomes can be used to predict gut wall metabolism [79]. Second, using values scaled from in vitro cell permeability as input for effective jejunal permeability resulted in good Fg prediction accuracy compared to the in silico predicted permeability [79]. Third, poor solubility or dissolution may either decrease Fg by preventing saturation of metabolism or increase Fg by shifting the site of absorption towards the colon, where the expression of CYP3A is low [79]. Karlsson et al [80] conducted a study to explore the utility of intestinal S9 fractions, human liver microsomes, and recombinant cytochromes P450 to quantify CYP3A-mediated intestinal extraction in humans for selecting marketed drugs that are predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4. They used a competing rates model to predict the Fg of these drugs comparing to PBPK models and concluded that the use of PBPK model is preferable over the indirect method for deriving Fg
10. Which had the greatest average 1- OD (amount of bile acid adsorbed to meal particles), the standard meal with bile acid or the
Absorption – “How the drugs enter the circulation process through the body, and how they resist general breakdown by the stomach, liver, and the intestines”. Some of the factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body is as follows, “acidity of the stomach, Physiochemical properties, Presence of food in the stomach or intestine, and Routes of administration”,
P4: Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body
During Phase 1, sufficient information about the drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects should be obtained to permit the design of well-controlled, scientifically valid, Phase 2 studies.
b) Janine made this statement: “… if your brain doesn’t get carbs—well, glucose, anyway—you get
This experiment was carried out to demonstrate the effect of drugs of varying concentrations on the response in rat ileum tissue. The activity of agonists acetylcholine and carbachol on the motility of the isolated ileum was measured using an organ bath attached to a force transducer and chart recorder. The percentage maximum response in samples of 6 concentrations for each acetylcholine agonist and carbachol agonist was compared. For both agonists, it was found that increasing agonist concentrations had greater effect on smooth muscle contraction, resulting in a higher response. Both also displayed similar high efficacy, shown by their ability to achieve the maximum response of 100% with a drug. The comparison of EC50’s derived from averaging
Pharmacokinetics consists of three components, absorption, distribution, and clearance. Absorption, especially from the oral route is the least influenced by the aging process and slows down, but remains complete (Adams et al., 2011). As the number of drugs ingested increases, the risk that absorption is interrupted increases (Adams et al., 2011). Distribution is significantly impacted with age. Older people have more body fat and less water than younger people. As a result, a drug that is fat soluble will remain in older bodies
gall bladder liver hepatic portal region cystic duct bile duct hepatic pancreatic sphincter accessory pancreatic duct hepatic flexure jejunum ascending colon ileum rectum illiocecal vavle anal canal cecum appendix anus transverse colon decsending colon sigmond colon pancreas cardiac sphincter
Get ready for the dangerous ride of a banana getting crushed, smashed, and absorbed through the digestive system. “Watch out for the involuntary muscles which they can’t even control and voluntary muscles they can control, but will still use thriving to help get our nutrients by crushing us.” everyone has always said but, that didn’t stop him. Once Banana was ripe enough the farmer has picked him. Banana thought is was chosen for an amusement park. because everyone else says it’ll be like a scary rollercoaster, he took it literally…
As mentioned in class, as well as in the required Krishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, & Wagner, 2008).
“Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments” (Metabolism). Metabolism breaks down the food that we eat, transforming it into energy for our bodies. Metabolism is broken down into two categories Anabolism and Catabolism, which help aid in the chemical reaction process. Specific proteins in the body control the chemical reactions of metabolism, and each chemical reaction is coordinated with other body functions (Dowshen). Metabolism is a constant process that begins when we're born and ends when we die. It is a vital process for all life not just humans, and
The ‘gut—alimentary canal— is short in length and has a short transit time, which means that the guts have little weight, and therefore aid the cat in being a fast predator.
As mentioned in class, as well as in the Krishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, & Wagner, 2008).
These drug metabolizing enzymes absorb and eliminate the drug through various routes of metabolic biotransformation. Phase I enzymes mainly catalyze the oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions, e.i. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are abundantly present in the liver and oxidize small molecules. Phase II enzymes catalyze mainly conjugation reactions that involve glucuronidation, sulfation, and acetylation. Lastly, hepatic transporters allow drugs to be absorbed and eliminated from the liver. Therefore, the biotransformation of drug in the body is important to factor to be considered.
As mentioned in class, as well as in the required Krishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, & Wagner, 2008).