Essay On Landsat-4. 1

The project identifies and analyse how the vegetation of the area can be influenced by soil composition and climate by performing first hand investigation such as analysing soil type and grain size. It’s also about the aspects of the local environment that have been affected by people and propose realistic solutions to the problems that exist.

Based on scale of measurement, the program RORA needs drainage area exceeding 1 sq. mile and less than 500 sq. mile (Rutledge, 2000). But, the 1KB4 catchment covers an area of 18048 km2 (6968 sq. mile) which is out of the RORA limitation. As specified by Rutledge (2000), although that limitation is not universal and is subjective relying on hydrologic setting, the effect of large areas create non-uniformity of storm events and lead to mix multiple hydrogeologic settings. Also, the assumption that streamflow recession depends solely on groundwater discharge, and exclude other sources such as river bank storage and wetlands (Rutledge, 2000) might bring doubt about the model applicability in the Kilombero Valley since some parts of 1KB4 catchment is covered by

Because of climate change, activity of droughts are predicted to be an increase in rained rice-growing areas and droughts and maybe into water-short irrigated areas.

Climate variability and change profoundly influence social and natural environments throughout the world, with consequent impacts on natural resources and industry that could be large and far-reaching. Climate change due to global warming not only started to impact the weather pattern but also influence the agriculture sector in Pakistan. Pakistan is an agriculture whose majority of the population depends upon agriculture. Glaciers are the big fresh water sources for Pakistan which fulfills the water demands in the agriculture land while rainfall fulfills the water requirement of the barani areas. An increase in temperature was observed in the country especially during the last few decades which accelerate snow melting on glaciers. The increased rate of glacial melting in Himalayas has caused vast lakes to develop, and if these lacks outburst, these can inundate towns and villages below. There is high level of confidence that recent regional changes (rising tendency) in temperature have discernable impacts on precipitation, evaporation, stream flow, runoff and other elements of hydrological cycles (Elshamy et al., 2006).

Lidar is popularly used to make high-resolution maps, with applications in geodesy geomatics , archaeology geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology ,forestry atmospheric physics, laser guidance, airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), and laser altimetry. Lidar sometimes is called laser scanning and 3D scanning, with terrestrial, and cellphones applications.

Evaluated potential damages of future climate change impact of flooding risk by empirical method based and relies on statistical relationships between historical precipitation and flood damage. Changes in precipitation determined by general circulation models (GCMs). Future precipitation daily precipitation totals scenarios generated from an ensemble of GCMs, monthly average change output through SimCLIM (Randall et al., 2007) To evaluate potential damages of flooding by the statistical methods, relationship between observed precipitation and flood damages, these relationships to estimate future damages under a changing climate.

My interest in satellite surveillance did not really appear to after I saw the movie "Enemy of the State" in 1998. The synopsis of the movie is: Robert Dean (Will Smith) is a labor lawyer who is unknowingly in possession of evidence related to a serious politically motivated crime. Government agents eager to hide their guilt believe that Dean is on to them, and proceed to turn his life upside-down, ruin his reputation, and frame him for various incidents, thanks to the latest in high-tech government surveillance techniques. In an attempt to clear his name and reclaim his life, Dean teams up with the reclusive Brill (Gene Hackman), a former federal employee who has as much high-tech equipment and

Dereje Girma and Eshetu Ahemed, 2011. Crops and Agro-ecological Areas of Ethiopia: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Geographical information system (GIS) is a combination of a graphic presentation and database. It is a general-purpose technology that uses geographic data in digital form. The abilities of GIS include processing the data into a form, which is suitable for analysis, supporting spatial analysis and modeling, and post-processing results. Moreover, it can give spatial representation of water resources systems and bring spatial dimensions into the water resource

Analysis of an annual rainfall pattern over a 50-year period (1961-2010) showed a general fluctuation in rainfall pattern for all the three regions. The highest rainfall values of 1580mm (NR), 1365mm (UER) and 1543mm (UWR) were recorded in 1991, 1999 and 1963, respectively. The lowest rainfall values of 695mm (NR), 671mm (UER) and 524mm (UWR) were recorded in 1992, 1977 and 1986, respectively. The mean annual rainfall values were 1082.5mm (NR), 990.8mm (UER) and 1035.4mm (UWR) as shown in table II. In spite of the seemingly high rainfall amount recorded in NR over the period, the region showed the highest variability with coefficient of variation (CV) =0.21. The Upper East Region also showed a similar variation in rainfall amount (CV = 0.20). The analysis showed considerable levels of variability in rainfall pattern in all the regions. Such condition may create uncertainty in water availability to crops, and thus pose significant risk to crop production.

The study will use remotely sensed imagery from Landsat Multispectoral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery for the periods 1980s, 1990s, 2000s. It will also use Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from the ASTER satellite for the periods 2010s will be collected and employed for analyzing the spatial and temporal changes in land use land cover in the study area. Water quality data from rivers will be in form of physical-chemical water parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and nutrient levels (silicates, nitrogen and phosphorous). Species richness and abundance and total versus fecal coliform bacteria in river water will also be used.

A number of studies have been carried out in central main Ethiopia rift valley. Most of the studies have been carried out so far around and in the study area which directly or indirectly are related to this thesis.

5). The tributaries that drain into the catchment have progressively began to dry up, particularly throughout the dry seasons (Mutiga, Su, and Woldai 102). Climate change is a major contributor to such phenomenon, as the process of evapotranspiration has __________. Other changes such as “unreliable rainfall patterns and quantities and decreasing discharge during the low flow periods” also have significant impacts on all aspects of the Ewaso Ng’iro watershed (Aeschbacher, Liniger and Weingartner 155,156). The water catchment lies predominantly through arid to semi arid landscapes where the annual levels of rainfall and precipitation have seemingly decreased over the years (Mutiga, Su, and Woldai 102). As uneven water distribution has become a complex issue, the ability to support the ecosystem’s vegetation and wildlife will decrease, and human populations and developments will faced with ongoing sustainability challenges.

It is noted that though the concept of the cycle seems simple, the phenomena are enormously complex and intricate. It is not just one large cycle but it is rather composed of many interrelated cycles of continental, regional and local extent. The major achievement and objectives of the rainfall runoff modelling is thus to study a part (section) of the hydrological cycle, namely the land phase of the hydrological cycle on a catchment scale. Then the problem becomes to express the

Available and complete climate data of daily maximum and minimum temperature and daily total rainfall amount was collected from National Meteorological Agency (NMA) spanning from 1983 to 2014. The collected data was a 4 km by 4 km gridded dataset, which combines both the observed station data and relatively high-resolution satellite image. It lies within latitude 6.4 ° – 7.1° N and longitude 37.4 ° – 38.2° E. Owing to this, the preference is given to the gridded data over the station data, which had many missing values not only on daily values but also on observed years in each AEZ. For comparison purpose, using the latitude and longitude, three main stations were selected to represent the study agro-ecological zones, including Bilate