Ethical Standards Of Forensic Setting Learning Disability Evaluations

The two options for identifying students with disabilities are RTI model and the IQ-Achievement discrepancy model. The RTI model is a multi-tiered approach to identifying students with disabilities. With this approach the amount of students who are identified as having a learning disability has decreased because of the support students receive at different tiers and it eliminates inadequate instruction as the reason for reading problems. Universal screening and high quality teaching is done for all students. Students who show that they need additional help receive tier 1 services where frequency and intensity increases. Students are monitored and receive research based instruction in the general education classroom. Some students may still struggle and have to receive more intensive and frequent service. Those students will receive supplemental support from an educational professional. Tier 3 services are provided to students who still struggle and need even more intensive service. Students may also qualify for special education services. The IQ-Achievement discrepancy model is used to determine if a disability is present. Standardized tests are used to eliminate low intellectual ablity as a determining cause for reading problems. With this model, a professional assess whether there is a discrepancy between a student’s scores on an iq test and scores obtained from areas

In the late 1960’s and early 1970s, litigation began to establish the right to appropriate education services and placement bias protections for individuals ages 3 to 21 (Reschly, 2013). During this time, placement litigation, in particular, was focusing on the overrepresentation of racial minority students in educable mental retardation (EMR), or special education programs, with allegations of “inappropriate assessments, use of biased instruments, and excessive reliance on intelligence testing” (Reschly, 2013, p. 200).

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III. Information to be included in this paper will detail why this psychological assessment is used, how it is administered ethically, how it is scored, why it is unique, what precautions need to be taken to assure its ethical use, and any ethical concerns there are with this specific assessment tool.

According to Greenberg & Shuman (1997), they note that there are ten differences between the forensic psychologist and the treating psychologist providing therapy. 1) For the Forensic psychologist, the attorney is the client. For the therapist it is the mental health therapist. The highest priority is the therapist client privilege. 2) When it comes to privilege, the attorney-client and the attorney work product is privilege. 3) The cognitive and evaluative attitude for the forensic psychologist is neutral, detached and impartial. The same for the therapist is supportive, empathic and accepting. 4) There are differing aspects of competency of each professional, for the forensic psychologist it is the forensic evaluation, techniques that are appropriate to the legal claim. As for the therapist, the therapeutic techniques for treatment of the disorder or complaint. 5) The nature of the hypothesis tested by each psychological expert, for the forensic psychologist is psycholegal criteria for purpose of legal adjudication. The therapist/psychologist criteria is different, their criteria

In the article “Dyslexia laws in the USA” it states that dyslexia is the most common neurobiological disorder that affects the development of decoding and encoding skills and hinders the literacy development of both children and adults. Prevalence rates have been estimated to be between ten and fifteen percent of all school children in the US. The majority of states have not developed guidelines regarding how to identify, help and accommodate students with this disorder with the requirement of federal law, including the individuals with disabilities educational act 2004 and 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973. Although several states have recognized the need for early service and have taken proactive steps to implements rules regulation

In being aware of dyslexia it helps students to be identified and put in the right courses in school to have academic success. It is also important that teachers receive special training in order to be able to properly teacher students with dyslexia or another disability. According to Francine H Jacobs and Deborah Klien Walker, they explain that The Education for all Handicap Act, helps students with disabilities get access to a proper education. They explain that “state and local educational agencies must develop and implement plans to identify, locate, and evaluate, these children, and place them into suitable programs, all toward the goal of full educational opportunity for each” (pg. 135). In adopting both resolutions the board made sure that students with disabilities receive a good

When it is suspected that a child might have a disability schools must provide testing. These tests must be nonbiased and use differing factors to decide if the child needs special education. Evaluations must not discriminate in any way. Bias of race, culture, or native language will have invalid results. If the child’s first language is not language then their tests must be given in their native language. The child must also be tested more than once. The IDEA is known for protecting these evaluation procedures.

This will affect the accommodation and instructional strategies taken within the case. Some of the learning disability challenges may be caused by the language disorder and his struggle to efficiently process what he hears or reads. Similarly, his lack of attention to lessons may be related to language disability and his lack of understanding as much as the learning disability. His impairments in reading and written expression may be related to the specific learning disability as diagnosed, but it may be also related to the language disorder and his delays in receptive and expressive language skills. This overlap in challenges caused by both exceptionalities will affect the instructional strategies and accommodations used within the case. It may make it more challenging to decide which strategy would give better improvement results in regards to Liam’s processing as different accommodations and strategies work well for different exceptionalities. It will be challenging to find accommodations and strategies that work effectively for both of Liam’s

Forensic practice generally deals with the coexistence of medical, legal, and ethical issues within a socio-political and legal framework. Forensic experts should be well informed about current technology and various psychological tests used for evaluations [3, 4]. In the legal system, forensic psychiatrists must know the legal definitions, the legal policies and procedures, the legal precedents relating to the question or case at hand. Because of the dual role in medicine and in law, the practice of forensic psychiatry is fraught with ethical dilemmas worldwide

Learning disabilities (LD) is a factor in committing criminal acts. Learning disabilities has become a pipeline to prison. Children with learning disabilities are in higher risks of committing violent delinquency such as truancy, property delinquency, tobacco use and marijuana use. In a study conducted by Bonnie Doren in 2014 show that children with learning disabilities are more likely to drop out of high school compared to those children without learning disabilities. The people that suffer are themselves, their family, and society when children with learning disabilities are sent to jail for committing felonies and misdemeanors. They suffer because they run a higher risk in committing a criminal act and when they do, they are deprived from

For my I-search project, I decided to research dyslexia and more specifically, dyslexia in elementary school-aged children and some accommodations and programs are helpful for them. Through my research, I plan to address Essential Question four, “what approaches and practices are effective in supporting the needs of individuals with disabilities across their lifespan?” I chose to research this disability because of my first-hand experience working with a middle school student who had severe dyslexia. At the time, I wished that I knew more about the disability. I am choosing to focus on elementary school age children because this is the age group that I would like to teach when I am out of college. Having the knowledge of how to best support students with dyslexia is something that I hope to gain from this research.

Ethical guidelines and standards are a vital component in the field of psychology because they provide professionals with a precedent for excellence. The American Psychological Association (2010) established a set rules as a code of conduct for psychologists to abide by (American Psychological Association, 2010). Ethical codes provide an outline for the many positions psychologists hold, such as: counselors, researchers, professors, school psychologists, supervisors of trainees, assessment conductors, etc. (American Psychological Association, 2010). These principles must be applied to decisions regarding professional behavior to ensure the client’s basic human rights are protected (American Psychological, Association, 2010). As mentioned by the American Psychological Association (2010), “Ethical standards require a personal commitment and lifelong effort to act ethically; to encourage ethical behavior by students, supervisees, employees, and colleagues; and to consult with others concerning ethical problems” (American Psychological Association, 2010).

When acknowledging the rights and responsibilities of test takers, standards 8.1 and 8.2 address the test takers right to have as much information as possible about the test, its purpose, process and policies prior to testing. Given that the test was outside of the employee’s realm of work related experience, it is unlikely that in the Griggs case the employees were given the material and information needed to prepare for the test. This is an important detail to consider in regards to test takers’ rights. Although not required for this assignment, this writer would question if testing in regards to the standards of individuals with disabilities was considered given the population and subgroups of those tested. The text states that many were high school dropouts and unskilled and it is possible that given the lack of knowledge regarding disabilities and modifications, that testing could have been handled differently. Additionally, standard 11.22 states that the test validity should be considered when it is given in the same language to all test takers in diverse populations. With both the Griggs and the Antonio case, the population was

It’s that time of the year again; the time for unnecessary stress, anxiety attacks, and disappointment. Students K-12 are taking all of the material they have learned and prepared and are putting them to the test – literally. It is time for standardized testing. A standardized test is defined by most, but specifically by the Glossary of Education Reform, as “Any form of test that requires all test takers to answer the same questions in the same way and that is scored in a consistent manner.” What this means is that all students who take this test are graded and evaluated in the same way. This sounds fair, right? Wrong. Students with learning disabilities are judged the same way as “normal” students who are able to learn and prepare effectively.

According to Daniel P. Hallahan (2005), the term Learning Disabilities consists of 13 specific categories such as retardation, disorder, or delayed development in one or more of the process of speech, language, reading, writing, arithmetic, or other school subject resulting from a psychological handicap caused by a possible cerebral dysfunction and or emotional or behavioral disturbances (p.13). Additionally, the term learning disability is an umbrella term conceived by white middle-class parents to differentiate their children from low- achieving, minority students (Sleeter, 2010). In recent years there has been an increase of African Americans, and Hispanics students labeled as learning disabled.