Ethically Informed Consent Paper

The Doctor and Patient relationship aspect of Medicine has changed drastically in the last twenty years. It has evolved from paternalism (the doctor makes the decision for the patient) to shared decision making where the patient is considered an equal partner in his/her own health related decisions. Informed consent is the cornerstone for this view. When a patient or a research subject makes an autonomous decision after understanding, the risks and benefits involved with the decision is Informed consent. Complete Informed consent covers the following components: competency, disclosure, comprehension and voluntary. Competency refers to the requirement for the individual to be of legal age and be mentally competent to understand the process.

There are several ethical principles that need to be addressed within the nurse researcher-participant relationship, which are autonomy, beneficence, and justice (Judkins-Cohn, Kielwasser-Withrow, Owen, & Ward, 2014). The ethical principles should relate directly to informed consent, for the nursing research process (Judkins-Cohn et al., 2014). In this type of research the nurse faced with a dual role, as researcher and care taker (Judkins-Cohn et al., 2014). Nurses have the dual role, which consist of significant responsibility and demands. Therefore, it is essential that the nurses have a thorough understanding of the research process and informed consent (Judkins-Cohn et al., 2014). “This includes having an understanding of the institutional

Informed consent is the basis for all legal and moral aspects of a patient’s autonomy. Implied consent is when you and your physician interact in which the consent is assumed, such as in a physical exam by your doctor. Written consent is a more extensive form in which it mostly applies when there is testing or experiments involved over a period of time. The long process is making sure the patient properly understands the risk and benefits that could possible happen during and after the treatment. As a physician, he must respect the patient’s autonomy. For a patient to be an autonomous agent, he must have legitimate moral values. The patient has all the rights to his medical health and conditions that arise. When considering informed

Explain how and why the concept of informed consent is critical to issues of euthanasia (active and passive) as well as physician-assisted suicide. Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, autonomy at its best. In physician assisted suicide we have the informed consent of the patient requesting the help to die. In this instance the patient is the direct cause or their own death, they just require the physician to help them get the medicine needed to end their life, they decide where and when to do it, and they are competent when making this decision. This is important when it comes to the law and the physician possibly being sued. In active euthanasia the physician gives

When a patient needs to have a medical procedure performed, they must first consent to the procedure. Before accepting or rejecting the treatment, the practitioner is required to give the patient information pertaining to the risks and benefits of the procedure, as well as available alternatives. Additionally, the patient must be mentally competent enough to make an informed decision, and not be manipulated or coerced into a decision.

In this case, the night of January 11, 1983, Nancy Cruzan was driving a car and lost control of her car as she traveled down Elm Road in Jasper County, Missouri. The car overturned, and Nancy Cruzan was discovered lying face down in a ditch without detectable respiratory and cardiac function. Paramedics were able to restore her breathing and heartbeat at the accident site and she was transported to a hospital in an unconscious state. Then neurosurgeon diagnosed her and found that she is having sustained probable cerebral contusions compounded by significant anoxia (lack of oxygen). The Missouri trial court found that permanent brain damage generally results after 6 minutes in an anoxic state and Nancy was in this stage for 12 to 14 minutes.

GCP requires that Investigators receive adequate training on performing the study, including obtaining Informed Consent, and that patients receive adequate information about the study, what is expected, and the risks of participating. A complete description of what is required is also available online at the OHRP website.251 These sections and activities are expanded in special circumstances, such as emergency procedures, and studies with children, captive (e.g. prisoner) populations, mentally incompetent individuals, etc.

Healthcare Consent legislation applies to everyone above the age of 18 (some places 16) and has the following rights (Ref 1)

There was no informed consent given to the participants to be part of the dataset. It is evidence that Kirkegard and Bjerrekaer’s did not meet the 6 subsections under Part B of informed consent: (1 & 2) elements of informed consent, (3 & 4) of IRB approval of consent procedure, (5) not to preempt federal and local laws, and (6) not to limit physicians’ care.

Diener and Grandall (1978) defined the notion of informed consent as the procedures within which informants have the choice to take part in the research under investigation after providing them with facts that would impact their decisions (Cited in Morrison, Cohen, and Manion, 2011, p. 51). This definition includes four major principles, which are competence, voluntarism, complete facts, and comprehension. Thus, it is really necessary to consider the informed consent before starting to gather data. This involves preserving and respecting the participants’ rights and it is also vital to mention that the participants have the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw once the research has started (Frankfort-Nachmias and

Discuss the values and principles of ethical conduct in relation to gaining an informed consent from potential research participants in relation to your project.

Boswell and Cannon (2014) states that “the core ethical issue in medical research is the need for voluntary consent of the potential research subject so that a fully informed individual participates” (p. 93). It is important to make sure that all ethical concerns and specifications of the person giving consent for participation in the research should be detailed (Hoe & Hoare, 2012, p. 54). Guidelines have been made to follow, in regards to informed consent, to help ensure that any participant in any research be given the best information in the best way for the participant to make an informed decision. In combination with a participant being informed, it is equally important to make sure that the participant is not vulnerable.

This paper deciphers the growing importance of ethical issues that are associated with the research that involves human participation. It has brought to light the five basic ethical issues associated with research and the measures that need to be implemented to eradicate the problems that might emerge from these issues. It points out the facts that are unavoidable and might cause problem when freedom of coercion, informed consent, limited deception, adequate debriefing and confidentiality are not maintained.

In a research, it is important to understand the ethical consideration of a research. According to Cooper and Schindler (2006), ethics in a research can be defined as “norms of standards of behavior that guide moral choices about research behavior” (p.709). To avoid any ethical issue, this research will be conducted ethically by following four ethical principles proposed by Bryman (2012). Those ethical principles are clarity, consent, confidentiality, and care.

Research ethics specifies the way the researchers’ ought to conduct themselves while conducting scientific research (Shrader-Frechette, 1994). As this research involved the participation of humans, it was important to let them