I. Introduction
Phylogeography is a field of study that implements biogeography and genetics to understand the geographic distribution of a species. It is concerned with historical principles and processes that influence evolution and speciation. The tiger is an evolutionary wonder; it is a prime example of the responsiveness that some species have to changing climatic conditions. The tiger once had the largest geographic distribution of all cat species; subspecies adaptations allowed them to live in a large range of habitats throughout the Asian continent making it a perfect candidate for the study of phylogeography. This review will examine the evolutionary history of the tiger and will explain how the species was affected by climatic fluctuations and biogeographic processes during the Plestocene epoch.
II. Distribution
a. Current Distribution
Today, contiguous distributions can be found throughout southern Asia, far east Russia, and the Sunda islands of Sumatra, and Java (figure 1). It is widely agreed that the evolutionary history and distribution of tigers and other fauna endemic to Asia is largely dominated by glacial cycles during the late Pleistocene epoch. An examination of environmental conditions during the late Pleistocene would assist in explaining the current distribution and the central point of origin of the species
Figure 1: Historic and current geographic distributions of the eight subspecies of tiger. The Isthamus of Kra is the boundary that separates
As seen with Anolis, single species of organisms have the ability to undergo adaptive radiation and become new species by filling niches in a given environment. This is prevalent not only in Anolis, but other model organisms as well, such as finches, sticklebacks, and cichlids. All of these organisms have gone through the similar mechanisms and processes to evolve into different species. Alike to Anolis, they have gone through reproductive isolation, adaptation, and convergent evolution. Due to a poor fossil record of Anolis, the other model organisms may give better outlook on how they have diverged overtime. Further investigations on all of these organisms and their evolutionary mechanisms would not only give better a better idea of ecological speciation, but more comprehension on the origin of all
(WWF) and other organizations are coming together with the russian government to make protected areas for other tigers and animals in the family. Organizations and educational
Fossils were found tahta indicated that the tiger was related to the siberian tooth to the earliest form about 35 million years ago. The pseudaelurus who roam the earth for about 20 million years ago, being direct ancestors of the most than 37 species of cats known today. The tiger we know now are categorized to the panthera wistrand origin South Asia. The tiger reduced in size because their prey was smaller and with that change they developed the capability of climbing trees, being good swimmer, and became faster when hunting prey. Their genetic changed true mutations. Allowing for higher chances to survive to the ecosystem. The ancestor of the Sunbeam tiger were in the tertiary period in the cenozoic area, During the the period of that the gondwana split completely apart and India crashed into the Eurasia plate. The gondwana was a supercontinent that broke. The spit into land masses that are names as followed: Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, and the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian peninsula,F The continent spit about 180 million years ago. This created the different species of tiger and their genetic variation between
The last wild specimen of the Thylacine species died 2,000 years ago, today, reports of sightings all across Australia have been rolling in like raindrops. The earliest sighting was on March 27th, 2017 when an Australian couple claimed they spotted a Thylacine. After the couple received so much publicity, there was a reported three more sightings. Scientists are scratching their heads trying to contemplate how the extinct species that disappeared 2,000 years ago was magically resurrected and is being spotted more and more frequently in the same place.. The Tasmanian Tiger also called the Thylacine, is an extinct species that has recently been spotted in the Adelaide Hills, causing controversy as scientists prepare for an expedition to the northern
From the trees to the grasses to the microbes to the animals, all life on earth is interconnected. Just as the trees are connected to the microbes in the dirt, the climate is connected to every living thing on this planet. The success of animals has always depended on the success of plants, known as the producers in the food supply chain. The changing climate has had a powerful effect upon evolution, including the evolution of primates. This essay explores the proliferation and the demise of primate species from the Paleocene Epoch to the Miocene Epoch by comparing and contrasting the physical and behavior differences between the primates of each period and how the ecological conditions of the period allowed for their selection.
In “The Stripes Will Survive” it states “ In 1981, the American Zoo and Aquarium association (AZA) started the Species Survival Plan (SSP) to make sure that threatened and endangered species don't disappear. The members of the Tiger SSP teach the public about the plight of tigers and do research. They keep a computerized family tree of zoo tigers that helps match males and females for breeding.” This shows that the AZA is taking big steps to make sure that tigers survive and breed.
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was a period of time around the Paleocene-Eocene boundary during which the Earth experienced a significant rise in temperature. As we discussed in class January 27-February 3, the PETM period conveniently coincides with primate evolution and dispersal worldwide. This period of thermal increase is important to primate evolution because this rise in temperature worldwide created an ideal, survivable environment for primates globally. This rise in temperature encouraged primates to expand their territories into areas not previously inhabitable, such as the Arctic Circle. Additionally, I believe that the PETM may have encouraged primates to evolve into broader adaptive radii in order to exploit more tropical food sources and landscapes. In general, it is acknowledged that the PETM allowed primates to become more pervasive worldwide.
The Smilodon, commonly known as the Saber-toothed Tiger, was an intense carnivore in which was completely unrelated to today’s common Asian Tiger. Saber-toothed cats are predicted to have gone extinct towards the end of the Pleistocene era, 12,000 years ago. The exact cause of the extinction is unknown, however, scientists believe it to be due to the extinction of animals they preyed on, with the possibility of climate change. Smilodons lived in North and South America, generically in grasslands, shrubby areas, and pine forests that also supported the plant-eating lifestyle of animals that Saber-tooths so frequently preyed on. The fossils of this particular species was first discovered in 1842, in Brazil. Currently, the largest known collection
USA became key to its expansion and growth. The Rock and Roll hall of repute and Museum’s
There is a circumstance that has beset the understanding of evolution over time that there is no general theory involving primate evolution. Most of the theories are just mere speculation. Over the years, primates like gorillas, chimpanzees, and baboons all happened to have their turn in evolution. It was previously presumed that the taxon of interest happened to have the exact similar physiology and ecology as the analog taxon (Rafferty, 2010).The majority of the first primate species theories have been utilized because they solely share one fundamental characteristic with the hominines with the chimpanzees as the phylogenetic cousins. This paper addresses the different ecological conditions that handled the evolution of primates. It
Through adoption, a child is removed from a toxic environment, and given a chance at a better life. They are provided with the basic needs and care that their birth parents either neglected to provide or were unable to provide. Although adoption does have a positive impact on an adoptee’s life, it comes with the loss of their birth parents, extended,families and or siblings. Older children placed into new homes is beneficial in many ways, it also carries a potential negative psychological impact on the adoptee.
Tigers are the biggest member of the cat family, with lions coming in at a close second. Their paw pads are very sensitive and are easily damaged, which prevents them from following prey that may wonder on such things as rocks that are hot. Another interesting fact about the tiger is that there are no white tigers left in the wild, only in captivity. On top of that, all of the white tigers in captivity came from the same female, which was caught in 1952. White tigers are not true albinos because they lack pink eyes; theirs are blue. Tigers and lions have actually mated in captivity. The offspring of a male tiger and a female lion is called a Tigon, and offspring of a male lion and a female tiger is called a Liger.
Since 1973, 153 people have been exonerated by death row. “It is used today and was used in ancient times to punish a variety of offenses. Even the bible advocates death for murder and other crimes like kidnapping and witchcraft” (Death Penalty Arguments). The death penalty is a ticking time bomb. If the victim cannot have their life back, the criminal should not get the chance to either. Enforcing the death penalty, only reserved for brutal crimes, can help states financially, and eliminate future crimes. Society has a high interest in preventing violent crime, therefore people should want to use the strongest punishment available to deter it, and that is the death penalty. There are only two options for these people; life in prison, with or without parole, or the death penalty.
1. From reading this summary of tiger ecology, what aspects of the tiger’s environment need to be recreated in a zoo environment?