External, Internal, and Construct Validity Essay

Validity refers to whether the research conducted is what it intended to be. Validity involves dependability, which means, a valid measure must be reliable. But, reliability doesn’t have to link to validity, a reliable measure is not required to be valid.

“With the dawn of the 16th century, there came together in Europe both the motivation and the means to explore and colonize territory across the seas” With respect to religion, trade, and technology this seems to be a valid quote referring to the 16th century and how Europeans were able to accomplish colonization and exploration on the other half of the globe.

External validity is when research findings are applied to the real world. When looking at 19-21 year olds on a college campus, we need to study a broad range of individuals coming from different cultures and backgrounds. We also need to look at which situations these are being applied to such as where they are there drinking habits taking place.

Why is internal consistency such an easy way to assess reliability from a methodological perspective?

There are many external and internal factors that impact the planning functions of management. We must all be mindful of these factors because they could have an enormous impact on organizations productivity. The process of assessing the external and internal factors that an organization will face can be vital to the planning function of management. One must determine a set of issues and constraints and then list the assumptions that will impact the implementation of the plan. The environmental assessment develops understanding of external and internal processes that influence the organizations success rate. The purpose of the environmental assessment is to identify and analyze the key trends, forces,

David A. Frisbie (2005) the author, Measurement 101: Some Fundamentals Revisited, takes the position that the “fundamental measurement concept and relationships often are used in our written communication in a way that demonstrates misunderstanding and leads to confusion “ (p.21). Frisbie goes on then to provide information about this often misunderstood concept. Frisbie begins discussing validity and how it is a misused and misunderstood term. Validity is not a test, it is more about how we interpret the test.

Tool validity is an extremely important aspect when gathering information used in research. There are many different tools that can be used depending on what is being researched. “Trustworthiness of the data can only be as good as the instruments or tests used to collect the data” (Boswell & Cannon, 2014). Many healthcare providers use research to increase their knowledge to help make decisions for changes in policy and procedures and in ways to care for patients.

For any measure to be valuable in psychological research, it needs to be both valid and reliable (Goodwin, 2008: 128). Research is reliable when more researchers have found the same results, or, within for instance behavioural research, when the same behaviour occurs at several measurements (Goodwin, 2008: 124). There are different types of validity. Firstly, there is construct validity, which measures whether an operationalisation of a construct actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Secondly, criterion validity determines whether a certain phenomenon is related to another phenomenon, and can accurately determine future developments. Lastly, content validity determines whether a test measures all aspects of the construct that is being measured (Goodwin, 2008: 125-126).

External validity refers to the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other individuals, setting, and times.

The table organizes the threats into two categories, internal and construct validity. Internal validity is in regards to the variable in the study and that is, in fact, affecting the experiment, not something elsewhere. Therefore, to construct validity is the ability of a measurement tool to properly measure what it is supposed to measure (Marino 2007). Under the category construct validity, nonspecific events are placed because they were improvements in the study that were not specific to the intended treatment deemed to the study (Marino 2007). An example of this is the placebo effect which is where the participants in the dolphin assisted therapy expect to improve from their treatment; therefore they see an improvement when there isn’t

Validity refers to that measuring tool or approaches can accurately measure things needed to be measured. It can be considered as an extent that measured results reflect investigative contents. Measured results more tend to be identical, validity will be higher, vice versa. Guba and Lincoln (1981) argued that whole social research must include invalidity in order to acquire worthwhile data within both the rationalistic paradigm (quantitative research) and naturalistic paradigm (qualitative research). Some factors can determine the level of validity, which include bias, construct

However, efficacy does have some threats, such as experimental procedures, treatments, or experiences of the participants that threaten the research ability to draw correct inferences from the data in an experiment. For example, the researcher collecting data must be consistent throughout the study without jeopardizing the quality of the work. Inaccurate information in may lead to failing research. The data collected from participants have to be truthful to support the doctoral study, which is not a good idea to change participants in the middle of a

Ferguson (2004) cited that internal validity is central to any research design and therefore should be the focus and a priority in the study’s

The term validity is the state of being valid or an experiment that meets all the requirements in the scientific research method. The term reliability means the results being performed in an experiment must have more than one-off meaning it must have the same results repeatedly. There are two different validity types. One of them is internal and the other is external validity. Internal validity shows how an experiment is being constructed including all the steps being executed in the scientific research method. External validity is when researchers examine the results that were being obtained for questioning whether or not if there are any possible solutions to a causal relationship. The new insights I’ve gained from these important concepts

b. Sample selection techniques and control of constant variables (e.g. Are samples randomly selected. What attempts are made to control variables).