External Validity And Its Impact On The World

Statistics provides us with very useful tools and techniques that aide us in dealing with real world scenarios. I have been able to learn several useful concepts by studying statistics that can aide me in making rational and informed decisions that are supported by the analysis results. Statistics as a discipline is the application and development of various processes put in place to gather, interpret, and analyse the information. The quantification of biological, social, and scientific phenomenons, design and analysis of experiments and surveys, and application of

External validity is when research findings are applied to the real world. When looking at 19-21 year olds on a college campus, we need to study a broad range of individuals coming from different cultures and backgrounds. We also need to look at which situations these are being applied to such as where they are there drinking habits taking place.

In order to know whether the evidence of research studies are accurate, one must be able to have a fundamental understanding in statistical analyses to determine if such descriptions and findings within manuscripts and articles are presented correctly and explicitly (Sullivan, 2012). Proper use of statistics begins with the understanding of both descriptive and inferential statistics. Correct organization and description of data characteristics from the population sample being studied leads the researcher to identify a hypothesis and formulate inferences about such characteristics. It is with inferential statistics that researchers conduct appropriate tests of significance and determine whether to accept or reject the identified null

Now, it is time to give an overview of some of the design threats to construct validity. If the researcher did not define the construct efficiently than it can lead to the inadequate preoperational explication of constructs threat (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Next, is the mono-operation bias, which is the use of the study program only one time and one place (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Third, the mono-method bias is the use of any one measure or observation (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Finally, the confounding constructs and the levels of constructs threat (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Overall, this threat to construct validity is a labeling issue like some of the other threats to construct validity (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). However, there are more design threats than listed in this paper to construct

For any measure to be valuable in psychological research, it needs to be both valid and reliable (Goodwin, 2008: 128). Research is reliable when more researchers have found the same results, or, within for instance behavioural research, when the same behaviour occurs at several measurements (Goodwin, 2008: 124). There are different types of validity. Firstly, there is construct validity, which measures whether an operationalisation of a construct actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Secondly, criterion validity determines whether a certain phenomenon is related to another phenomenon, and can accurately determine future developments. Lastly, content validity determines whether a test measures all aspects of the construct that is being measured (Goodwin, 2008: 125-126).

Analysis of data is important because it allows the researchers to derive meaning from the data collected. Numerous research studies are published online and while the internet is a great resource place to find an article, it is also contain innumerable information that are irrelevant to topic being searched. After scrutiny of the papers selected at the first part of this assignment, two published research studies were selected.

External validity refers to the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other individuals, setting, and times.

Validity. The author of this paper considers Article B valid because of the strong external validity that it demonstrates. According to Polit and Beck (2017), replication is an essential concept of external validity. The systematic

This emphasis on statistical investigation has had a profound influence on the subsequent development of social research in the uk and how we come to know about and understand the social world. But the investigation and observation of the character and

Regardless of whether the study is descriptive or experimental, the extent to which a study's results can be generalized or applied to other people or settings reflects its external validity. Group research engaging randomization will initially possess higher external validity than will case studies and single-subject experimental research that do not use random selection for the assignment.

The external validity refers to the ability of whether or not a generalization can be made for the entire population. External validity is increased by an experiment that reflects reality. There are three major threats to the external validity of a research, people, time and places. The external validity will be guaranteed by slightly altering the places and time frame of this research (Patzer, 1996).

Construct validity, pertains to the validity of the instrumentation used to capture the constructs/concepts a researcher is interested in measuring (Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002). In research, the concepts explored must be defined explicitly to communicate with others how the research was conducted. For this end, conceptual definitions are needed to explain the meaning of a concept. However, operational definitions provide specificity on how the concept will be captured and measured. Operational definitions contribute to: parsimony in theories and hypotheses; reliability as its enables replication; and transparency of the constructs being studied to avoid possible misinterpretations (Shadish et al., 2002). Of course,

In Charles Wheelan’s Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread from the Data, Wheelan introduces many concepts fundamental to everyday life that escape the attention of even the most attentive human beings. Within these texts, Wheelan expresses that statistics, and therefore data, is an integral part of our lives, though it is often grossly misunderstood. With detailed descriptions of introductory statistical analysis, the author provides insights to the many misinterpretations and misrepresentations present in the statistical world today, often citing instances relatable to all people. Ads, commercials, campaigns, and any other mode of propaganda will contain data to support the cause of promotion, and for this reason—although not this reason alone—statistics has become intricate in our lives. The two most interesting points Wheelan makes refer to the intentional warping of data or computations to manipulate intended audiences; specifically, it is interesting to consider the moral obligation behind decision making versus the societal pressure added by the increasing use of statistics to rank or qualify oneself not to the world, but also to measure one’s self. Secondly, it fascinating to consider that statistical evidence that is seemingly unrelated to human life can explain phenomena intrinsic to human behavior and physiology previously misunderstood or unconsidered.

The kind of issues I anticipate facing with regards to internal validity of my study would be the instrumentation of a research; the surveys, questionnaires or interviews if not well designed, could affect the validity and the liability of my study. The instrument changes between a pretest and post-test, thus impacting the scores on the outcome.

Hailey, thanks for sharing your input. I like the way you explained the internal and external validity factors as you mentioned that correctness is important because it proves that study is valid or invalid. It is very important because both factors have threats. Internal validity threats are history effect, maturation effect, testing effect, instrumentation effect, selection bias, selection maturation effect, statistical regression, mortality/attrition, Hawthorne effect, placebo effect, diffusion of treatment, location, and implementation. Researchers must control those threats to achieve internal vality. External validity threats are selection treatment interaction, settling treatment interaction, and history treatment interaction. Research