Fallacy Summary and Application
Abstract
Throughout this paper, we will discuss the relative meanings of fallacies and the importance they have in regards to critical thinking and the decision-making processes. Within the process of critical thinking, fallacies tend to play a very large part of this process. By definition, a fallacy is a statement or an argument based on a false or invalid reference (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language). As you will read on further into this paper, we will begin to define the significance that fallacies play with the role of critical thinking and decision-making. Fallacy Summary and Application
From the master list of logical fallacies, I have chosen four different fallacies
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There is obvious difficulty in distinguishing between exaggeration of facts and mere expressions of opinion, and that is why the trail from puffery to fraud is a slippery slope. For example, a franchisor describes a prospective business opportunity as having a “high profit potential.” To the franchisor, this means that there are no promises in regards to profits, but that high profits could result from the hard work and enthusiasm of the franchisee. To the franchisee, the expression “high profit potential” means that the franchisor is in a superior position and must have some basis to know whether the opportunity has profit potential, the franchisor would not be promoting the opportunity unless it had profit potential, and the franchisor must possess data or information supporting the expression that the profit potential is high. I feel that this example shows that there is a possibility of having gray areas within business decisions and the critical thinking process as it relates to businesses. It all comes down to the individual perception of one person compared to another person.
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Post hoc ergo propter hoc is also an argument offering an explanation that confuses co-occurrence with causality based on a temporal ordering of the events: A comes before B, so A causes B. In fact, the temporal ordering of the two events is likely to have been merely coincidental, or the result of some further causal factor
I enjoyed your post and can relate to the use of logical fallacies that parents tend to use. I myself will use logically fallacies to try and persuade my children to do what I ask them to do. My mother also would tell me that if I went to bed with wet hair that I would get sick. As a child, I never questioned what my mother said it had to be true because she said it. As you grow you learn that there is no correlation between wet hair and a cold or flu. A virus is the only way someone can contract a cold or flu. As you stated there can be a chance that a person is becoming sick from a virus and goes to bed with wet hair and wakes up feeling sick. But there is no scientific evidence supporting wet and a cold. Another fallacy that is present in
The differences in reactions outweigh the similarities in this analysis. During the time after WW2 and the Cold War era the United States had a completely different approach towards foreign threats, and regional instabilities that could serve as a purpose of harm to the United States fragile foreign policies. One thing to be noted is that all these threats were treated differently mainly due to them not being carried out on American Soil, while 9/11 was an attack on the American Soil, people, economy and a scar that will always remain in the hearts and minds of the American people.
For my journal entry I choose to read Online Higher Education’s Individualist Fallacy by Johann N. Neem. Johann Neem is a professor of history at Western Washington University and argues that there is a value in “Institutional culture” for the student that attends traditional classes on a college campus. According to Neem, institutional culture is important because learning is a social experience and depends on relationships since under the guidance of a professor a student will prosper, and be inspired by the energy in the classroom setting. Neem also states that professors are able to adapt easily to the needs of the students that are present in the classroom versus those who attend online. Neem, contends that distance learning undercuts institutional learning due to the fact that students are not fully engaged with their professors and can miss out
In school students should be aloud to have their phone, iPods , iPads, tablets, etc. Why aren't they aloud? It's a rule because it prevents people from being distracted, But what about the people that don't get distracted and understand not to use their phones for inappropriate reasons? These are our reasons why we think phones should be allowed for school use.
As citizens, it is essential to be “Critical thinkers who seek to draw intelligent conclusions” (pg. 3) whether as jurists, voters, parents, students, teachers, workers, managers, attorney. It is important to be able to discern between opinion, propaganda, facts, truth, error, and purposeful deceit. We elect people to speak for us at many levels. We need to be able to comprehend what we are hearing and be willing to utilize all the skills of critical
Logical Fallacies are is an incorrect argument or a bad argument in Rhetoric which undermines an argument's logical soundness. A fallacy is the use of invalid reasoning in the construction of an argument. These arguments hurt the speaker’s credibility, and there are many different types of Fallacies but there are three main ones used in Fracknation.
This article focused on the constant debate concerning the conditions in which students develop the skill of thinking critically. Being able to use critical thinking requires knowledge of facts and concepts about the subject matter. I found this article interesting because I think it is important that students develop critical thinking skills. Most scholarly articles tend to have an abstract that summarizes the papers entirety. Due to this this article is considered scholarly.
When addressing the fallacies of the American government today, one should question whether it’s supposed, ideal principles are implemented justly. Theoretically, the people of the government and the government itself are to be held accountable for the installment of constitutional values. John Locke describes this political obligation as the social contract, in which those governed surrender their power in return for protection. In terms of democracy, however, the primary duty of the governed is to participate in popular sovereignty and the duty of the government is to fulfill the wishes of the people. Thomas Jefferson explains that democracy is “...a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly
Trace how music took shape in the United States in the second half of 20th Century, focusing on at least two composers, their styles and output During the period of World War II between 1939-1945, music also played his role for entertainment, recuperation and uplift, which pervaded in homes, concert halls, army camps, government buildings, hospitals and factories. American music in this period was considered to be “Popular Music” that focused more in romance and strength instead of propaganda, morale, and patriotism while classical music has limited scope. This period of music has its unique relationship to war.
Generalizing from a sample size that is too small or biased, rather than looking at something more relevant with the situation.
False cause, or post hoc ergo propter hoc, is an error in reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.
Bassham, G., Irwin, W., Nardone, H., & Wallace, J. (2002). Critical Thinking. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Publishing. Retrieved August 25, 2004 from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/350–Critical Thinking: Strategies in Decision Making Web site: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp
The main concepts presented in the article are the varying definitions of each author on the concept of critical thinking. The information the author uses are definitions which are the opinions of varied authors and are similar in foundation in that to apply critical thinking one must be able to identify a problem, pose a question(s), provide valid supporting evidence, and come to a conclusion. Although the author’s definitions do not identify a problem, questions, evidence, or conclusions, the relationship Petress (2004) shows is that the reader must apply this process themselves as it is not always given. The information used does appear to be relevant, significant, and valid. The references the author listed does provide enough information for me to come to this conclusion. Since this work is a literature review and not a case study, numerical data are not necessary to determine validity of the information.
In the book, “Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking (Ninth Edition), by M. Neil Brown and Stuart M. Keeley”, the authors examine the benefits of critical thinking as it relates to the process of asking the right kinds of questions. What are the right kinds of questions? These authors maintain that critical thinking is a method used to improve the way we think by asking the questions that would enable you to reach a personal decision that would eventually give credit to both sides of the discussion. Critical thinking is in essence the analysis, synthesis and evaluation of one’s experience, as it relates to the worth of the discussion at hand. The authors define
What is Critical Thinking? Is the process of conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and /or evaluating information gathered by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication, as a guide to belief and action (Scriven & Paul, n.d.). When one applies critical thinking more ideas are develop, fewer mistakes are made and better decisions are reached. When people instead of using critical thinking act on beliefs or without giving it a second thought, the end results are poor decisions and as a result have a disaster at hand. People don’t always use critical thinking, it is not uncommon to hear someone say such remarks after making the wrong decisions; “I just was not thinking”, “I did not think it was a big deal”,