Familial Polyposis

All women should be offered genetic testing during child-bearing years. It may be done before pregnancy or during pregnancy.

I do not believe that “direct-to-consumer” genetic testing is wise, especially without the involvement of trained professionals or set guidelines. As mentioned in the prompt, some of the risks that I believe are important involve the ethical and social challenges direct-to-consumer testing can create as well as the complexity of certain genomic tests.

It is patients’ right to opt for genetic testing on their own DNA, although they are accepting a great risk by doing so.

When providing genetic testing services, the doctor or counselor should follow a set of principles. The doctor is obligated to explain the procedures and their purposes, describe the risks and benefits to be expected, inform of other alternative (possibly advantageous) procedures, disclose the range of decisions the patient may have to make, and answer all questions openly and

I agree that a disadvantage to genetic testing may result in discrimination. After learning more about the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, I find it interesting that the law not only restricts genetic information but also includes one’s individual and family medical history (NIH, 2014). The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act took effect in 2009, and also resulted in amendments to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act in 2013, to clarify genetic information as health information (NIH, 2014). Another interesting fact regarding the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act is that it does not cover government based health insurers, such as military, veteran, or federal employee health benefits (NIH,

Genetic testing has brought about many changes in the way many couples look at conceiving and raising families. Through genetic testing you are able to screen for the increased chance that a fetus may have one of many congenital disorders, or even identify gene changes that are responsible for a disease that has already been diagnosed (Genetic Testing, March 2015). Unfortunately genetic testing is not always exact, in some cases giving parents false negatives or false positive results. Even if the results are accurate, there is the burden of knowledge once you know the results indicate a genetic abnormality such as Down’s syndrome. While caring for a 2 year old male patient with developmental delays and anotia, I learned that genetic testing had been started but never completed on the child. Genetic testing could help to identify genetic disorders that led to the child’s developmental delays and possible future disorders that may develop. The ethical dilemma I will be discussing to the ANA Ethical dilemma of the impact of informed consent of genetic testing on children for adult onset diseases and disorders.

If the genetic information is only accessible to the individual then there is a decreased chance of such discrimination occurring because the information is disclosed to who the individual wishes to. Genetic information can raise questions about personal responsibility, personal choice versus genetic determinism, and concepts of health and disease. Personal factors, family values, and community and cultural beliefs can mould the reactions to these issues. For example the response to the genetic information and suggestion from physicians after the test will be drastically different in a society where traditions and religion determine life choices, such as India, than to a more individually liberal society like the USA. Even in a progressive society that has had specific ethnic groups for multiple generations disparities with medical technology are common. A study conducted, using the national representative data, in the USA with the sample that consisted of 1724 men and women of non-Hispanic whites, Latinos, and African American background. Results exposed significant differences by racial/ethnic groups in knowledge and concerns about the potential misuse of genetic testing. Significantly higher levels of mistrust in a physician and the medical system was a common thread within minorities. The genetic tests can be a way of ridding anxiety attached to the assumed inheritance of genetic disease due to family background whilst for others the genetic test reveals their reality. The results can have a great deal of a psychological impact upon the individual. The possibility of developing a genetic disease alone can create anxiety within some. The psychological impact from the results revealed is another issue that society is concerned about. A

Genetic testing has become a highly controversial issue among both the general population and the scientific community. It is a process that exposes a person’s entire genome sequence, allowing it to be read and evaluated to identify potential risks for genetic diseases or diseases that could be passed onto offspring (Holt Productions, 2012). With thousands of genetic tests already being used, and more being established, it seems logical to put this growing technology to use. Some agree that it is a person’s right to know and understand his or her genetic makeup. However, others argue that, despite the benefits of genetic testing, caution should be used to carefully inspect the risks associated with this new technology.

<br>4. The rights of knowing someone's own health status and keeping that information private to oneself should be provided to all members of a society. Only the individual should have full access to information about his own genetic constitution and others should be prevented by legal regulations. As we have said above, the results of genetic tests can sometimes be detrimental to the individual. If a person does not want to know the information, its nobody's business nor right to declare it. This includes even not explaining favorable test results without the individual's request.

Genetic testing, can affect a person’s life in many ways. Genetic testing is a type of medical testing that identifies changes that occur in chromosomes, proteins, and genes. These changes that occur can be associated, and often are associated with inherited

Each person is an individual and should be treated as such. Some individuals may respond positively while others do not. Each person’s decisions must be respected. “Genetic testing decisions are personal and complex and can be controversial, leading to dissonance in families. It is important for public health nurses to respect individuals' and family members' decision-making processes” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Informed consent and full disclosure is essential. I believe that proper and thorough education prior to the testing of multiple family members will produce a better outcome. A genetic specialist referral would also be a great idea as well as a specialist in breast and ovarian cancers. Maybe a family with multiple members being tested could also benefit from a nurse

The use of WGS brings to light several ethical issues. First, the majority of patients that come for initial diagnosis are minors. Therefore, it is usually a parent or guardian that consents to the any testing which raises the issue of what results to report back to the patient and family. The European Society of Human Genetics has recommended to filter out known variants that have little or no clinical utility. While the American College of Medical Geneticists states that there needs to be a respect for autonomy, report all incidental findings regardless of age, and proposes patient’s decision shall apply to the entire set genes deemed actionable. Although, the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists recommends communication to parents about all results of a clinically actionable conditions that will present during childhood; furthermore, adult-onset should not be disclosed unless it could prevent harm to the health of the parents or other family members and if the parents desire the disclosure (Szego & Zawati, 2016).

I feel it is very important to get genetic testing done because particular diseases could have major effects. If a person really wants to get a test done, they would be willing to pay the price. This would make the BRCA test more successful and doctors should only perform the test if the patient is willing to pay for the

I understand that what I find out can change my life forever, so I would be sure to speak to a genetic counselor before and after. I think that knowing what diseases that I am genetically predisposed to can motivate me to lead a healthier life. With today’s new discoveries linking food intolerances to certain disease, I can study about diets or eliminating foods to hopefully prevent whatever diseases that I can possibly get. I think that everyone should have the choice of whether or not they want to know, but I would definitely choose to find out more about what makes me who I am. Although the use of DTC testing is very controversial, limiting the at home information and requiring everyone to go through a doctor can make learning about genetic makeup very safe and informative for

I think that everybody should do a genetic test at a very early age in order to know what is going on with their genes. Even if a genetic test is positive, a genetic counselor, doctor, or other health care professional trained in genetics can help an individual or family understand their test results. These professionals can also help explain the incidental findings that a test may yield, such as a genetic risk factor for a disease that is unrelated to the reason for administering the test, so they can clarify the implications of test results for other family members. Doing a genetic test is crucial because on an expanded panel, certain cancer can be entirely reversed with an early intervention like dietary