Fat Penguins Research Paper

Freeman (2008) furthers Eckert et al’s argument by stating that the actin filaments of the muscle cell in organisms are able to intake ATP (adenosine triphosphate) faster and will move the organism faster when higher temperatures are imposed. This is because of an increase in enzyme reaction rates (Freeman 2008). These arguments can be applied to our experiment to help explain the trends observed. It can be argued that as the Gammarus setosus experiences the cold treatments, the organ of Bellonci senses the cold temperature, which in turn signals the organism to preserve its energy to protect itself; therefore, the organism will swim slower. In addition, the enzymes in the muscle cells of the organism, when experiencing the cold treatments, will have decreased ability to carry out enzymatic reactions, therefore inhibiting the uptake of ATP, which will cause the organism to swim slowly. Conversely, as the organisms are put into the heated treatments, the organ of Bellonci senses the heat, and allows the organism to swim faster, since it does not have allocate as much of its energy towards survival. Furthermore, the enzymes in the cells will be able to catalyze reactions more quickly, therefore allowing the organism to swim faster. However, when the temperature of the surroundings is too high, the enzymes will denature, therefore, reducing the activity rate of

direct calorimetry. Furthermore, the amount of oxygen in the chamber reveals the amount of cellular respiration of the organism. While also, test the effects of decreasing oxygen, and later increasing the heat on the metabolic rate of goldfish. I hypothesize that an increase in temperature will increase their metabolic rate

We have noticed in other experiments that smaller animals have a higher surface-to-volume (SA/V) ratios than larger animals with a lower SA/V. After reviewing through articles, we hypothesized that endotherms with small bodies will have a higher metabolic rate than endotherms with large bodies. We tested this by making 6 clay cubes (different sizes) and placed them in ice for 10 minutes and measured them in 2-minute intervals. Our results supported our hypothesis because the larger clay with the smallest SA/V had the slowest cooling rate while the smallest cube with the higher SA/V had the fastest cooling rate.

Also, those with smaller body mass are affected more easily by changes in temperature (Dyck H. et al 1997). However, from our experiment we concluded that wingspan did not have a significant effect on

The change in temperature affects the respiration of goldfish. In goldfish, active metabolic rate decreases as temperature is lowered (Johnston and Dunn 1987). The goldfish breathes per minute is decreased as oxygen is required for this activity. A similar experiment conducted supports the result from this experiment that oxygen consumption decreases as temperature decreases (Fry and Hart 1948). The decrease in breathes per minute was observed as the temperature was lowered. The average breathes per minute decreased from 110 to 92 per minute when the temperature was lowered from 22 to 12. So, the null hypothesis that the change in temperature will not affect the breathes of the goldfish was rejected. There were some sources of error for this

Emperor penguins that live in the Antarctic winter, need to survive, and ensure reproduction occurring in the winter. In order to achieve survival, emperors form huddles together. A huddle is a dynamic mosaic of compact zones (Ancel, Gilbert, Poulind, Beaulieu, Thierry 91). Huddles are very complex and can range anywhere from a few hundred to a few thousand birds at a time, in which individuals are closely packed together. Huddling is a huge warming mechanism, and they are shaped like an ellipse. An emperor penguin being close to another individual does not mean it is automatically in a huddle. There are certain requirements that deem an individual in a huddle. An emperor's back has to be completely covered by another individual and the light

Evolution of the polar bear also resulted in curved, needle-sharp claws for clinging to ice and grabbing prey. In addition, they developed large, partially webbed paws to assist with swimming. On land, their enormous paws are useful for traveling across loose snow and the paws provide a bigger area to spread their weight across on thin ice. Another adaptation is the polar bear’s longer neck which is needed to keep their head above water when swimming (Polar Bear Evolution 1995). All of these characteristics, unique to the polar bear, have been part of its evolution.

The African black-footed, Galapagos, Humboldt, and Magellanic penguins are all members of the Spheniscus family. Sharing common ancestry, these penguins share very similar morphological traits as well as behavioral traits. In order to try to determine what makes each of these species different, scientist in the field have turned to studying vocal repertoires of each penguin that is a part of the Spheniscus family. It has been concluded that although the Spheniscus demersus, commonly named the African black-footed penguin, has similarly behaving relatives in the Spheniscus family, it is only the black footed penguin that not only uses the braying vocalization for breeding, but during

This suggests that this taxa has some kind of strategy to persist in the face of rapid environmental change. Two populations of Winter Skates were studied to showcase this process, an endangered population in the warmer Gulf of St. Lawrence, and a larger one in the cooler Scotian Shelf. In response to warmer conditions in the Gulf, the skates there got smaller, matured faster, and died sooner. These changes were accomplished with about 3600 changes in the way that this population expressed their

Many species of animals have had to adapt to their living enviroments. Some animals such as anglerfish, have had to go through major adaptations by developing a fishing pole like spine, descending from the middle of it's head. Others such as polar bears have had more of a minor adaptation such as, learning to bury themselves deep into the ground into small chambers. Both polar bears and anglerfish have had to go through many perplex yet astonishing adaptations.

Ronald Knox’s commandments for detective fiction ultimately function as a guide for what he believes constitutes a fair and satisfying instance of the genre, each charge serving to avoid a non-fulfilling resolution for the reader. Knox’s rules in combination work to this end and the ambitions of this essay are to explore works from Poe and Christie in relation to these commandments. Poe, considered the instigator of the detective fiction genre through ‘the Dupin tales’ penned and published works that would assist in defining its conventions, providing a prototype for future authors. Christie was a beneficiary of these earlier works and attempted to ‘modernize’ the pre-established ‘conventions of detective fiction’ , in an era in which the

No one realize that if the king crabs come up to the surface, it can change one thing but in a very big way. There is no proof that the king crabs will move to the surface and change the ecosystem. Because there is no proof, researchers had to test this hypothesis. James McClintock who is an author to the study, he explains how they can know if the king crabs will travel to the surface or not. The researchers would have to track the crabs’ movements by following them with a camera. As the ocean warms up in the Antarctic, the crabs will become powerful predators as they travel from their deep sea homes up to the surface. When the ocean is very cold, the crabs cannot survive the cold so they stay deep in the ocean to survive. The king crabs can

Penguins use their belly to reduce their body to drag in the water. You might not know this but the only reason why penguins have bird shaped wings , it's because once they dive in they can go up to 20 mph. If penguins start to keep still and not be active their body temp. Will start to decrease and they will be getting to the point where they will die eventually. During storm season out in the arctic penguins

My goal in the next 4-week is to stop eating bread in breakfast, lunch, and dinner. In fact, I could not eat anything without bread; therefore, I have 17 percent fat in my body, which is not normal. My mother has diabetes in our family and I think less consuming of bread would keep me away from diabetes. I will begin to drink more water because I have used to drink a lot of coffee and juice.

Next, we will explore if ICJ judgements tend to favor the major powers. We will focus on the more recent cases for the study as they are most applicable to today’s world. Specifically, we will track cases filed from 1992 to 2013. The table below lists cases involving major powers in the ICJ during this time period.