Four Theories of the press According to three professors of communication Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm there are four theories of the Press (Siebert, Peterson and Schramm, 1956).
Authoritarian Theory Authoritarian theory in mass media can be comprehended as media that operate under either publicly or privately owned (Biagi, 2012). The authoritarian theory is origin from Ancient Greece philosophy Plato (407 -327 B.C) with the theory “who thought that the State was safe only in the hands of a few wise men” (Peoi.org, 2015). Then, a brittish academician, Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) had argued that the power to maintain order was sovereign and individual objections were to be ignored (Peoi.org, 2015). Another German thinker, Engel further reinforced the theory by stating that freedom came into its supreme right only under Authoritarianism (Peoi.org, 2015). Authoritarian theory concept of the press is developed in Europe after Gutenberg. Presses in Europe were privately owned until the 1850s. However the aristocracy who governed the countries wanted some sort of control on the financial and political power. The aristocracy
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Libertarian theory is under private sphere (Penning, 2006). The libertarian theory declares that, everyone has the right to publish anything that he wants without fear of the constraints of licensing or censorship. This theory is free from government control, even to the point of allowing attacks on institution (Amira, 2012). In this theory, the Libertarian model functions as a “watchdog” to monitor government policy. However, there are also limitations among the libertarian model. Limitations of libertarian like journalism have been unwilling to recognize and censure colleagues who violate professional standards. Sometimes, there will be standards overly abstract and ambiguous. Journalism may pursue truth aggressively and present the news
I have chosen the movie Signs to do my worldview analysis on. First, I will discuss the worldviews that the main characters in the movie have. I will then answer the question of if the characters were true to their worldviews. I will also discuss the obstacles that the main characters faced that deterred the character or characters from living out their worldview. Lastly, I will describe mental, emotional, or spiritual reactions I had to the movie as well as explain if I agree or disagree with the worldview present in the movie.
In our society today, control is maintained by the authorities through regulation. In North America, major regulatory systems comprise two main systems of expertise. One is the criminal justice system, which is concerned with what will we do about crime and deviance. The other is the academic system of expertise, which is concerned with why crime and deviance exists. Academic expertise is the type of discourse deployed in the article by Michael Conlon to show, with ostensible authority, that maternal smoking during pregnancy is “linked” to adult criminal behaviour.
The third theory in the list is the libertarian theory that gives media full freedom of expression and speech and also to publish anything regarding anyone at any point in time. The theory came with the advancement in printing press technology in the 16th century, it also came after the free press movement. Many renowned scholars like John
This is a press release from a local news press article regarding the West Nile Virus the press release was on July 27, 2012 from the Department Of Health informing the public that the West Nile Virus has become a health problem in Columbus, Oh, once again. The news press advised people of Columbus in many ways how to prevent the bites of mosquitoes, how to stop the breeding of the mosquitoes, how to prevent breeding, who to contact once bitten or contract the virus. The press release is informative the press release gives notice of the situation regarding the mosquito problem. The
Richard Elliot Neustadt, a profound political scientist and advisor to many presidents, has often argued over the years that presidential power is probably best understood as the power to persuade. Over the years, the presidency has evolved from what our Founder’s had to endure and has now turned into an obsession with news media. The President of the United States is the most powerful being in our country with the ability to control what Americans can and cannot know for better or worse. The presidency and news media have a more complicated relationship than what others might say. There are times where the president is more than willing to cooperate with the news, but there is also an equal amount of time where the presidency and the press are at odds. In our country’s lifetime of presidents, there have been numerous attempts and successions to control the flow of information by using the media in a strategic manner such as being able to
The press is dishonest due to East Coast Bias and lack of objectivity and diversity. Cunningham discusses that, though one out of eight people live in California, most of our news are produced in New York since New York Times’ headquarters, the most influential newspaper, are found. He points out that New York’s values differ from the values of the rest of the country. This creates a dishonest representation of the diverse perspectives in United States. Moreover, compared to past years goals, there is still a lack of racial diversity. Furthermore, female journalists find it difficult to move status due to the glass ceiling. In Four Theories of the Press, the authors argue that the press is controlled by only one socioeconomic class--the business class. As Agnew mentioned, there is censorship when only a few people decide what are news for million of Americans (70)--and censorship results in dishonest half-truths.
Printed media is extremely important in not only in the US but in Italy and all over the world in today’s culture. The United States of America has twenty-five newspapers and Italy itself has seven different newspapers. The main number of newspapers are locally and/or regionally based. This shows Italy’s strong history. The most well-known national dailies are all Milan based. Corriere della Sera and Rome’s La Repubblica, followed by Turin’s La Stampa and Italy’s business news, Ii Sole 24 Ore. There are a number of weekly papers with a wide circulation and the most influential news magazines, Panorama and L’Espresso. Italy’s sports newspapers and the Catholic weekly, Famiglia Christina also have a very extensive popularity and readership. A statistic shows 80% of Italians actually are said to watch more television for their news verses reading the newspapers for the news. The highest percentage in Europe. Where the United States of America has twenty-five newspapers and Americans watch television for their news more often than reading the newspapers as well. Since 2013 American’s reading the news had dropped from 57% to 20% in 2016. The printed press in Italy has been almost completely independent but few are fearing that the cross media ownership laws could work to have less employees than they currently have. The Italian print newspaper market can be put into four segment. Paid for
Part One: One-page essays will be drawn from the following questions 1. Providing specific examples of teleplays, explain the nature of the anthology television dramas of the 1940s and 1950s. Discuss at least four specific factors that contributed to the demise of this program type. What does the demise of this format suggest about program limitations and the influence of advertisers in commercial broadcast television? Ex. of teleplay : Marty in 1953 (butcher) by Paddy Chayefsky, Man Against Crime (independent
The Authoritarian concept is viewed as the oldest of media concepts, tracing its roots from the as far back as Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in the mid-fifteenth century. With this invention came government limitations and restrictions on something they saw could challenge their authority. “The basic principle of authoritarianism is the press is always subject to the direct of implied control of the state or sovereign. Diversity of views is seen as wasteful and irresponsible, harmful to the country's development. Under this system, the press are allowed to gather and publish news, but the news must be for 'the good of the state', and should not criticize authority or challenge the leadership in any way.”(McCormick) Everything we see or hear from the press
The primary role of media delivering the news to the public is to gather and report news
For the second paper topic, I will touch upon the media issue of censorship and how the effects of censorship on the public and how its history has changed the way the world is ran as well as the current state of censorship.
During Bush’s War on Terror, the US media unquestionably fell short of its normative function, a point argued by Gary Kamiya in his article for Salon, by failing to provide factual, unbiased and relevant information on the war in Iraq. This essay will use Herman and Chomsky’s propaganda model to explain how flak and sourcing forced the majority of journalists to report only news that backed the government’s arguments for war, thus skewing the public’s perception of events in the aftermath of 9/11. It will then explain, with reference to John Reith’s Public Service Principles and Johan Galtung’s public sphere model, what the normative function of media in a Libertarian society should be, and how this could be better met by the media during wartime by a better balance of published opinions for and against the war, and better fact checking by journalists.
In a contemporary society, the role of journalism is a varied one that covers many different aspects of people’s lives. As more and more outlets spring up around the world, many more stories are able to be covered by different outlets, and this means that journalism takes on a more and more important role in a contemporary society. Much of our lives centre on political and social happenings, and journalistic outlets are the public’s way of finding all the information on these event. Journalism also provides us with a way of finding out which of these stories are important and deserve our attention, and which stories can be ignored. The important role of journalism can be well observed in the recent coverage of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) in both New Zealand and around the world. This is a ground breaking economic deal, and holds a great deal of importance for the 800 million citizens of the countries involved, as well as the rest of the world. With worldwide coverage of this deal, it is inevitable that different types of reporting occurs, and that different outlets will provide different accounts. With so many different journalism outlets around the world and locally, many have to have a way of standing out from the crowd. This means that some extremely different coverage of very similar stories can occur. However it can also simply be down to different ownership, differing political views, and different socio-economic environments. Two outlets with
The media and advertising hinder do indeed hinder our being fully human. Mass media including radio, television and newspapers endeavors to shape public opinion on a variety of things. The media attempts to manipulate those values instilled by parents and society in general, thus taking away from our being human. Messages designed to influence peoples’ attitudes, desires and decisions fall upon society urging those people to buy a certain product, vote for a certain political figure, or support a “worthy” cause. The daily attack of media and advertising persuade the public to be one and the same, rather than allowing them to function as humans who follow their own beliefs.
Have you ever had an original thought? Why do we dress the way we do, watch what we watch or even live the way we do. Through our means of entertainment, it is almost a guide in how one should live their life. With the technology we have in our world we are persuaded to believe what is right and what is wrong. Although we create our own world, our thoughts were imposed upon us since the day we are born. “What if the world is some kind of show. What if we are only talents assembled by the Great Talent Scout Up Above! The Great Show of Life! Starring Everybody! Suppose entertainment is the Purpose of Life,” says Gabler. We wake up in the morning where most of us have a daily routine we go through. Why do we put on