ASSIGNMENT #13
Fracking for Oil and Natural Gas
WRITTEN BY
MOSOPE ODUWOLE
250817380
moduwol@uwo.ca Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL
For centuries, oil and natural gas have been drilled and mined using conventional means, by digging in oil rich sandstones, conventional rocks. Due to the permeability of these rocks, it is easy for the oil and gas to flow to the surface from well bores and be collected for commercial use. But recently, concerns have been raised regarding the over-exploitation of these resources, as various reports show that with the current level of exploration, these reserves will soon be depleted.
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The difference between these two sources – conventional and unconventional oil – is in the type of rock and depth of drilling, as well as the method used in bringing up the oil and gas. Whereas conventional oil and gas makes use of vertically drilled bores and shallow depths, unconventional oil is drilled at depths farther below in the earth’s surface (depths of up to 10,000 feet have been recorded), by making use of horizontal bores (figure 1).
1.2 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FOR OIL AND GAS
Prior to what is today known as Hydraulic Fracturing or “Fracking”, in the 19th century, water wells and bores had been fractured using explosives to create high permeability for both water and oil wells. Over the years, the technology has been refined and improved into what is used today for exploration in Shale rocks due to their low-permeability.
Fracking is the process of pumping large gallons of water, mixed with sand and a “cocktail” of chemical compounds into existing crevices of underground oil and gas reserves, under very high pressure, thereby creating fissures and cracks in the rocks and hence improving the porosity and permeability of the rock formation. Figure 1: Conventional Gas reservoirs and Unconventional Gas Reservoirs (Shale Rock)
Naturally occurring veins in the rock formations are used in the conventional sources to tap the oil, but in unconventional sources, these veins are either not large enough, or are too far apart and not
Samuel Kelvin "Sammy" Peralta Sosa was Born on November 12, 1968, in San Pedro de Marcoris, Dominican Republic, Sammy Sosa was a slugger who spent the peak years of his career with the Chicago Cubs. In 1998, Sosa was caught up in race with Mark McGwire of the St. Louis Cardinals to beat Roger Maris's record of 61 home runs in a season. Gwire broke the record first and ended the season with 70 runs while Sosa had a total of 66 runs. Sosa played for the Texas Rangers in 2007, his last professional season. His parents Lucrecia and Bautista were not well off and Sammy had a hard childhood, with his father passing away when he was just seven. His family lived in an abandoned hospital while Sammy sold oranges on the street and shined shoes to make
“Fracking is the process of obtaining Natural Gas from below Earth’s surface by drilling 1000’s of feet into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside.” Water, sand and chemicals are injected into the rock at high pressure which allows the gas to flow out to the head of the well.” (Jackson). Hydraulic Fracturing got its name due to the fact of how the rock is fractured apart by the high pressure mixture of a number of chemicals, sand, and water. Drilling companies first began Fracking in the early 1940’s, and starting in the 1990’s companies began “safer drilling” due to the amount of concerns that had arisen because early drillers had to detonate small explosions that eventually ended up killing many people. Fracking has been used for nearly 60 years and the number of concerns about it are rising every day. Due to the new technological advancements in drilling Fracking has changed greatly over the years. Before, the drilling would go on for weeks on end in order to extract only a small amount of natural gas. Now, due to the invention of higher powered drills, the drills get double the amount then they used to be able to get in more then half the time. Over 95,000 square miles of shale deposits have been found around the Appalachian Basin but the only way to reach these deposits of shale is through fracking. “Fracking is a technique designed to recover gas and oil from shale rock by drilling
Hydraulic fracking is vertical well bores are drilled thousands of feet into the earth, through sediment layers, the water table, and shale rock formations in order to reach the oil and gas. The drilling is then angled horizontally, where a cement casing is installed and will serve as a conduit for the massive volume of water, fracking fluid, chemicals and sand needed to fracture the rock and shale. In some cases, prior to the injection of fluids, small explosives are used to open up the bedrock. The fractures allow the gas and oil to be removed from the formerly impervious rock formations. Although fracking has technically been in existence for decades, the scale and type of drilling now taking place, deep fracking, is a new form of drilling
What is fracking? Fracking is a way of recovering natural gas deep from within the earth. It has been used for many years but recently has increased in use because most of the other sources of recovering natural gas have been exhausted.Fracking is an easy way of getting the natural gases but it does cause some problems in the process. The fluid used when fracking can contaminate the drinking water and many nearby residents can never really be prepared if something dangerous happens.
Fracking is a highly controversial practice that utilizes the injection of water, chemicals and abrasives to extract relatively inaccessible pockets of natural resources. Although fracking has the potential to benefit the domestic economy, the practice of hydraulic fracturing, if left unregulated and mismanaged poses significant risks to the environment, the ecosystem and safety.
Hydraulic fracturing, better known as fracking, is the process of removing oil and natural gas from in between layers of shale and other low-permeability rocks. This is done by drilling both a well and a horizontal tunnel. Sand and chemicals are shot through the tunnel with incredible pressure, which cracks the shale allowing the oil and natural gas to travel up the well (Jackson, 2014). Fracking has caused a breadth of controversy due to the economic benefits and the geological consequences.
Fracking is a process in which a drill is inserted into a shale, which is a cracked surface,
Fracking is a shorter form of Hydraulic Fracturing which is the extraction process of both natural gas and oil. The process involves drilling deep into the Earth’s surface. Fractures are then created by “pumping large quantities of fluids at high pressure down a welfare and into the target rock formation” (EPA, 2016). After making these openings for the gas or oil to come up (known as “flowback”) the materials can be stored. The reason the fracking process occurs is because “more usual methods of extraction may not be able to fully reach the deposits of shale gas and oil” (2015).
“Fracking is the process of drilling down into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside. Water, sand and chemicals are injected into the rock at high pressure which allows the gas to flow out to the head of the well.” (Megan Caponetto and Tom Schierlitz, BBC UK, What is fracking and why is it controversial?, 12/16/15). I went with this BBC quote because it’s challenging to find a proper definition without bias. From what I’ve seen and heard, to frack they drive multiple tanker trucks into the area filled with a mixture of water and
Hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking” for short, is the process of extracting oil or gas from deep beneath the Earth’s surface by pushing water into shale rock to displace the oil or gas (Pritchard, 2013).
So what is fracking? Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has played an important role in the development of America's oil and natural gas resources for nearly 60 years. In the U.S., an estimated 35,000 wells are processed with the hydraulic fracturing method; it’s estimated that over one million wells have been hydraulically fractured since the first well in the late 1940s. (www.energyfromshale.org )
Fracking is a term that is used as a shorthand term referring to hydraulic fracturing. This is a type of drilling used for oil and natural gas within the Earth. Fracking has been used commercially for the last 65 years in the U.S... With the new technology advances in the field along with advanced hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling is responsible for the U.S. surging in the oil and gas production.
Hydraulic Fracturing or “Fracking” is a new innovated way to get fossil fuels out of the ground. Companies use fracking when there is shale gas or tight gas and oil trapped in the ground below. The crews of these wells drill down into the earth and pump a mixture of water and a cocktail of chemicals in order to release this gas. The solution fractures the ground below releasing gasses and oil back up through the pipe where the fossil fuel product is stored and shipped across the country. Recently fracking companies have been coming under fire for contaminating aquifers in the areas they operate. They may say that fracking is a tried and true way to gain natural gas but I am skeptical.
People from Mexico during the years 1900-today influenced life in the USA in a positive manner. These people emigrated because of economic opportunity and brought their culture with them. The community into which they moved responded with both positive and negative opinions. Short term influences include Mexican food, Mexican events like Cinco de Mayo, Mexican music, and many other things from their culture. 2nd generation immigrants influence the amount of cheap labor filled up in the country, and Mexican culture being accepted into the mainstream such as entertainment. Long term impact of these immigrants may result in general acceptance of Mexican immigration, a backlash against the Mexican immigration, or possibly easier ways to move
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