15. Give an example that explains the concept of “differential sensitivity.”
A student will be more susceptible to doing better on a test with a threat of grounding than one that doesn’t care if he or she is punished. This happens because some ideas mean more to an individual than others. (p.21, 22)
16. What main idea underlies Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
Freud believed that the stages reached in early life where a result of stimulation connected to developmental requirements. He believed that these problems related to the stages determined how an individual behaved in later life. For example, depending on development in the anal stage, individuals acted a certain way based on their ability to become self-sufficient. (p.24)
17. What
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This was proposed in his theory of humanism. He decided that people will try to obtain their needs and drives in order, or hierarchy. The five basic needs included physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. The first tier is the most basic need, one that every individual requires for survival: food, water, and some form of shelter. The second tier is a need for stability or assurance of safety. Love and belonging, the third tier, revolves around the need to be loved. Esteem is a need for respect and accomplishment .The final tier self-actualization is becoming one’s ideal self. Each time the tier rises the needs become less of a requirement for survival, but describe how a human can be truly happy. (p.31)
23. How does the theory of evolution help explain human development?
Evolution’s purpose is to ensure that humans can withstand the test of time and create more humans. This is important to human development because it is believed that humans have evolved to obtain these requirements. This explains how people use impulses when thinking of sexual preferences, needs when babies cry for their parents or even behaviors when individuals fear heights or spiders. (p.32)
24. Explain the following concept: “Observation provides issues to explore, not
Freud’s theory about repression is widely studied and discussed in the psychological studies. The repression is a normal way of life as every human receives numerous limitations by civil society. In book stated as, “The organic periodicity of the sexual process has persisted, it is true, but its effect on mental sexual excitation has been almost reversed. This change is connected primarily with the diminishing importance of the olfactory stimuli by means of which the menstrual process produced sexual excitement in the mind of the male. Their function was taken over by visual stimuli, which could operate permanently, instead of intermittently like the olfactory ones.” [Freud, 19]. It’s the unconscious mind that became the basis of Freud’s theory of repression, which Freud believed to be the cause of painfully holding back some emotions or desires by people who were too afraid to acknowledge them. Repression means to secretly lock away desires in your unconscious mind, which you are too afraid to even believe that you have them. Sexual repression can be defined as a state in which an individual is prohibited to express sexual desires. It is often linked to the feelings of shame, guilt or being connected with the sexual impulses. As if the writer said, “Psychologically it is fully justified in beginning by censuring any manifestations of the sexual life of children, for there would be no prospect of curbing the sexual desires of adults if the
His theory suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. In which is a part of the a person’s personality where they 're unaware “conscious awareness”, such as infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden because of their disturbing nature. He states that “the unconscious is responsible for a good part of our everyday behavior” (Robert 13). Freud would argue that personality is formed during childhood and that everyone’s personality is among three necessary structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego. According to Freud, children go through five stages the oral stage (0 to 18 months), anal stage (18 months to 3 years), phallic stage (3 to 6 years), latency stage (6 to puberty), genital stage (puberty to
Sigmund Freud is a psychologist who studied various stages within child development and is known for his study of the development of personality. Freud explained that child development was a sequence of psychosexual stages. “In "Three Essays on Sexuality" (1915), Freud outlined these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital” (Cherry, 2014). He thought that child development began at birth and their personality devolved throughout their life focusing on specific needs and demands. “Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which the
Sigmund Freud is a very known psychologist from the early scholars of the psychology world. One of His most significant outlooks and study was in the sexology field. Sexology had already been constituted as a separate form of enquiry some time before the appearance of Freud’s most important contribution, The three essays on the theory of sexuality (1905) and many of the terms that we tend to identify with Freud, such as libido, component instincts, erotogenic zones, catharsis, autoerotism and narcissism were already in circulation. (Akroterion. 58, 79-96, Dec. 2013) Some have argued that Freud did not acknowledge the contribution of sexology to psychoanalysis sufficiently in his studies and findings. But others may find this statement as overstated. Further in my research you will read how Freud’s work contributed greatly to the sexology dialogue and psychosexual development.
Psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud’s work, thought to be created between 1900 and 1939, which still is a very vibrant thread in history and psychology today. According to Sigmund Freud the unconscious mind is a reservoir of repressed impulses and desires in your mind, while you may be completely awake you are still unaware of the mental processes that are taking place. Though the repressed impulses control the way we think, act, and above all feel. Freud also talks about the conflict within each individual between the internalized ideals (your superego) and impulses (your id), also how your ego (your conscious self) tries to keep out the awareness of such using a defense mechanism to distort reality
The psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud has always been argued to be one of the most controversial theories in the school of psychology. Critics have questioned how relevant the perspective of Freud is due to the fact that it holds no scientific basis. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. This theory, known as Freud's structural theory of personality, places great emphasis on the role of unconscious psychological
One of Freud’s most relevant theories is his Theory of Psychosexual Development which seeks to explain sexual development from infancy to adulthood. This theory describes sexual development via five main phases. In the
He said child development is described as a series of 'psychosexual stages. Freud outlined these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Each stage involves the satisfaction of a libidinal desire and can later play a role in adult personality. If a child does not successfully complete a stage, Freud suggested that he or she would develop a fixation that would later influence adult personality and behavior.
Sigmund Freud is a well known name in the world of social science. Freud is responsible for revolutionary concepts such as the defense mechanisms and the iceberg metaphor outlining the human psyche. The knowledge of Freud’s concepts such as these have allowed me to gain a more thorough understanding of the complexity of my psyche and the causes of my behaviours in my everyday life. Freud’s theories aid me in explaining my actions in various situations in my social life and groups, my personal thoughts and motives, not to mention the actions of those around me. My personal stories that will be shared in this essay are used to show correlation between these aspects of everyday life and some of Freud’s theories including the defense
The psychodynamic theory has its own perspective, thus ranging us with numerous experimental findings and studies. According to Freud, the psychodynamic theory has developed from the psychosexual stages of an individual; in terms of normal development, at which, is a start at birth and throughout his adulthood. There are multiple factors structuring of human personality; and therefore, Freud had introduced us his theory in achieving it from the state of the unawareness. Ermann also focused on the same idea, indeed he presented his psychoanalytical research in an article titled, "You touched my heart": Modes of memory and psychoanalytic technique. His concentration was upon the procedural state of the mind as well as referring back to the
Personality is the enduring and unique cluster of characteristics that may change in response to different situations. It can be asses via different approaches such as Self-report or objective inventories, projective techniques, clinical interviews, behavioural assessment procedures and thought and experience-sampling procedures. In the study of personality ideographic research and nomothetic research are used and the major methods that the clinical method, the experimental method and the correlational method.
Sigmund Freud 's developmental theory was his psychosexual stages of development. His stages were: the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent and the
It is difficult to summarize psychodynamic theory without a brief discussion of Freud. Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, the father of psychodynamic theory, and in effect the father of modern psychotherapy. Freud's notions retain quite a bit of popularity, especially his ideas that things are not what they seem on the surface. Because of his understanding of the mind and behavior, Freud considered that overt behaviors were not always self-explanatory (or perhaps "not often explanatory" would be the better term). Instead, these overt or manifest behaviors represent some hidden motive. Sigmund Freud was trained as a neurologist and specialized in the treatment of nervous disorders. His early training involved using hypnosis with the French neurologist Jean Charcot in the treatment of hysteria, the presentation of baffling physical symptoms (mostly in young women) that appeared to have no physical origin (Hall, Lindzey, & Campbell, 1998). Freud also partnered with the Viennese physician Josef Breuer who practiced a revolutionary "talking cure" to reduce patients' symptoms by talking with them about how they felt as well as using hypnosis to remove emotional barriers to their feelings. He eventually abandoned the use of hypnosis in favor of a process he termed "free association" in which he had patients talk about what was on their minds without censoring their train of thought. This led Freud to develop his theory of the human mind as a complex system that is
Freud believed that an individual’s personality is formed through five psychosexual developmental stages. The oral stage which is formed in the first year of life is preoccupied with oral activities. The anal stage involves bowel function and control, and occurs during the second year of life. The phallic stage which occurs at approximately the third year to the fifth
At the age of 40 in 1896, Sigmund Freud introduced the world to a new term- psychoanalysis (Gay 1). Psychoanalysis is a method of treating patients with different nervous problems by involving them in dialogues which provide the physician with insight into the individual’s psyche. These dialogues provided the basis for Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, which “attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges” (Weiten 363). Part of this theory involves the structure of the mind. This is a concept that touches