From Injury To The Pyramidal Motor System

Periodic Paralysis Syndrome is a blanket term for a couple of inherited muscular disorders. The most common types are hypokalemic periodic paralysis and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Both of these are inherited and generally present from childhood, tho it is possible for symptoms to start showing later in adolescence. In hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, high levels of potassium in the blood interact with genetically caused abnormalities in sodium channels (pores that allow the passage of sodium molecules) in muscle cells, resulting in temporary muscle weakness and, when severe, in temporary paralysis. This disease may be caused by genetic defects in either the calcium channel or the sodium channel. Hypokalemic disease may be caused by genetic defects in either the calcium channel or the sodium channel (Medline Plus).

1. For each of the following diagnostic test results, note which specific part of the brain would have to be damaged to create those symptoms. (include right and left sides in your analysis).

There are three main types of cerebral palsy. The first type of CP is that of Spastic Cerebral Palsy and it is often accompanied with a weakness and stiffness in muscles (Aspinall, 2007). Therefore, movements are much harder to perform and to control. Muscle weakness will sometimes make it impossible for some people to stand or move on their own while muscle stiffness prevents many to fully extend their limbs. Spastic CP is the most common type of CP in the world, and nearly eighty percent of all CP cases are of this type (Aspinall, 2007). The second type of CP is that of Athetoid Cerebral Palsy and it is caused by damage to the cerebellum and the basal ganglia (Aspinall, 2007). When damage occurs in these areas movements and body posture are affected greatly and both are less coordinated (Colledge, 1999). Moreover, the imbalance caused by the damage to these areas result in problems with speech, eating, and picking up objects (Aspinall, 2007). Nearly ten percent of all CP cases are those of Athetoid CP (Aspinall 2007). The third type of CP is that of Ataxic Cerebral Palsy. Ataxic children are usually shaky and have a poor sense of balance as well as bad depth perception (Aspinall, 2007). However, a child with Ataxic CP may have a chance of living an independent life if therapy is started at a young age.

Axel and skeleton frame injuries are something that are very common in the world of sports. The National Football Ledge(NFL) has a foundation of physical impact and is very strenuous on the axel and skeletal frame. Thoracic disc herniations in the one of the most common injuries the NFL and it requires the greatest amount of time to recover which is 189 days. Thou the injury is very high in football nearly 15 percent of American suffer from Thoracic Disc Herniation. Degeneration the most common cause of Thoracic disc herniation “As a disc's annulus ages, it tends to crack and tear. These injuries are repaired with scar tissue. Over time the annulus weakens, and the nucleus may squeeze (herniate) through the damaged annulus. Spine degeneration

Phineas Gage, a 25 year old construction worker is known as one of the most famous patients that suffered from a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuries are increasing every year. Even though the brain is very functional, brain injuries can have many physical, emotional, social, and

The most vivid injury in my mind is one that still shows today on my right ankle.

The central nervous system is what connects the brain to the muscles of the body. When a patient has an injury to the spinal cord, movements in certain parts of the body will be affected based on the location of the injury. If the injury affects hand motion then many day to day tasks are affected. This literature review seeks to understand how an injury to the spinal cord impacts movement, and what has been done so far to help those affected by spinal cord injuries.

Primary lateral sclerosis is a rare disease that causes a gradual loss of the nerve cells (neurons) in the brain that control voluntary muscles. Voluntary muscles are the muscles you can control, such as the muscles in your arms, hands, legs, and face. In this disease, the muscles gradually become weak and stiff. Movement of the affected parts of the body becomes more difficult. The disease mainly affects the arms and legs.

Spinal cord injuries can be extremely debilitating with significant impairment in autonomic, sensory, and motor function (Coll-Miro et al., 2016). The prevalence in Canada is on the rise with approximately 86,000 individuals suffering from such injuries as of 2010 (Noonan et al., 2012). Spinal cord injuries are generally classified as either traumatic or non-traumatic, depending on etiology (Sabapathy et al., 2015). In addition, they are subdivided into either complete or incomplete, depending on whether the spinal cord section is fully or partially damaged (Wilberger and Dupre, 2015). The latter classification has better clinical outcomes as some neurologic function is reserved (Wilberger and Dupre, 2015). Other subtypes include paraplegia and quadriplegia denoting paralysis of the lower body or all limbs, respectively (Wilberger and Dupre, 2015; Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). The pathogenesis of spinal cord injuries is characterized by primary tissue damage due to the force of impact, followed by secondary tissue damage as a result of the inflammatory response (Sabapathy et al., 2015; Coll-Miro et al., 2015). The symptoms and severity may vary depending on the location and pathology of the contusion (Sabapathy et al., 2015). Presenting symptoms include but are not limited to numbness or pain in the extremities, loss of sensation, impaired movement or gait, abnormal reflexes, disrupted bladder or bowel function, and sexual dysfunction (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Several

They may develop alone or in combination, but as the disease progresses, all are usually present. There is no true paralysis. The symptoms are always bilateral but usually involve one side early in the illness. Because the onset is insidious, the beginning of symptoms is difficult to document. Early in the disease, reflex status, sensory status, and mental status usually are normal. Postural abnormalities (flexed, forward leaning), difficulty walking, and weakness develop. Speech may be slurred. Autonomic-neuroendocrine symptoms include inappropriate diaphoresis, orthostatic hypotension, drooling, gastric retention, constipation, and urinary retention. Depression is also prevalent.

Spinal injuries can happen to anyone. There are less than 200,000 cases in the US each year, and most of the time this injury can not be completely cured. The spinal cord is about 18 inches long, it is a bundle of nerves which contains neurons that carry signals between the brain and body. The spinal cord has sections, C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The C stands for Cervical, the T for Thoracic, and the L stands for Lumbar. Injuring different sections signifies different problems and diagnosis. The spinal cord controls the body. It controls sensory messages which include sense of touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and body position. It controls motor messages which tell the body what to do. For example, legs, arms, hands,

The acceleration phase, takes place from maximal shoulder external rotation until the release of the football with shoulder internal rotation. The non-dominant elbow during the acceleration phases is ripping back. Like a young child ripping their favorite toy away from someone. The non-dominant hand should end up near the non-dominant armpit. The height of the dominant elbow should be maintained above the dominant shoulder with a slight flexion in the elbow. The ‘Little C’ should be coming over your dominant ear. The grip of the football is similar to the letter ‘C’. So the football should be coming over the ear. The dominant arms bicep should be close to the dominant ear. As the football is approaching the front of the dominant

Brain injuries, like the case described below, can cause direct contact to specific parts of the brain, resulting in the need for rehabilitation and social or psychological support. It’s destructive injury not only to the person who has the injury, but also to the people around that person.

Syndesmotic injuries are more common in collision sports and those that involve rigid immobilization of the ankle in a boot, such as skiing and hockey. Athletics noted a shift from lateral ankle sprains to syndesmosis injuries in skiers as ski boots became more rigid. They reported 10 injuries in World Cup skiers that all occurred during the slalom event, when the skier straddled a gate, caught the inner ski on a stake, and experienced a violent external rotation force on the ankle and foot.

Extrapyramidal motor system is made up of two types of motor dysfunctions the basal ganglia motor syndrome and cerebellar motor syndrome. Both extrapyramidal motor system results in movement or posture disturbance without significant paralysis, along with other distinctive symptoms. Extrapyramidal motor symptoms are usually caused by typical antipsychotic drugs that antagonize dopamine D2 receptors, the two most common medications associated with this are haloperidol and fluphenazine. Atyplical antipsychotics are also just as likely to cause EPS symptoms. Other causes of Extrapyramidal motor symptoms can include brain damage or meningitis.