Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disorder Case Study

LB is a 52-year-old white woman who presents to the ED with esophageal burning, nausea, and vomiting. (This is a real case, but some identifying details have been changed.) A few weeks ago, she had an injection of cortisone in her left knee for pain and was prescribed naproxen (Naprosyn) twice a day for three weeks until the swelling subsided; she took the medication as prescribed, with food. Since then, she describes feeling a burning sensation in her esophagus. At first she attributed the discomfort to her history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). But then the feeling worsened a few days ago—she said it felt like the naproxen was “sitting in my throat”—and she felt no relief with omeprazole (Prilosec). The following morning, about

     In this article, you are informed about a disease that is occurring more often in our society. It is commonly referred to as “heartburn” but is more appropriately named acid reflux disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people suffer from this disease, but think nothing of it. Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten.

Commonly known as heartburn or reflux, is a condition where reflux of the gastric content into the oesophagus leads to symptoms which significantly impact a person's quality of life. Gastroesophageal reflux disease gerd is the most prevalent acid related disorder and is associated with significant impairment of health-related quality of life. Gastroesophageal reflux disease gerd occurs when acid and food in the stomach back up into the esophagus.Gerd often occurs when the lower muscle (sphincter) of the esophagus does not close properly. The sphincter normally opens to let food into the stomach. It then closes to keep food and stomach acid in the stomach. If the sphincter does not close properly, stomach acid and food back up (reflux) into the esophagus. The following may increase your risk for gerd. Gerd may be associated with several extra esophageal syndromes such as chronic cough, asthma, laryngitis, oropharyngeal ulceration and dental erosions. Available evidence indicates that therapy response rates in gerd are related to the degree of acid suppression achieved. Having an appropriate discussion with a physician is key to understanding the condition, available treatment options and the degree to which acid suppression can be achieved.

Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), commonly known as Acid Reflux, is a disease that is now affecting a lot of teenagers over the world. GERD is a heartburn caused by a leaky valve at the base of your esophagus that allows stomach acid to regurgitate (Livestrong). GERD is also caused by a bacteria found in your stomach known as Helicobacter Pylori. H. Pylori attacks the lining of your stomach and later when it has done enough damage, acidic fluid is able to get through the lining and into your esophagus, causing a heartburn (WebMD). Most people do acquire h. pylori during their childhood but most only develop its symptoms later on in life and some are never affected by the bacteria, never developing any symptoms.

Heartburn is actually a symptom of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), and is caused by acid refluxing back into the esophagus. Risk factors include those that increase the production of acid in the stomach, as well as structural problems that allow acid reflux into the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), commonly known as acid reflux disease, is a disorder in which the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) does not completely close and the stomach contents, including the acid, leak back, into the esophagus. The LES is a ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus that acts like a valve between the esophagus and the stomach. Your stomach is filled with acid and its main purpose is to digest the foods you eat. This acid is known to be as strong as battery acid, which your stomach was built to handle, but unfortunately your, esophagus was not. This backflow of stomach acid can irritate and sometimes damage the lining of the esophagus. If it is not controlled, acid reflux or GERD can result in serious problems,

Gastroesophageal reflux is considered a normal physiological process in healthy infants, children and adults. Most episodes last less that 3 minutes and most occur 30-60 min after meals and with reclining positions. GERD is present when the symptoms, more than twice a week, cause troublesome symptoms or complication (Cash, 2011, pp. 200). These complications can occur with severe, frequent, and persistent acid reflux causing inflammation, ulcers, and scarring. GERD can also lead to changes in the cells lining the esophagus, known as Barrett's esophagus, these changes raise the risk of esophageal cancer.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune mediated condition (T-helper cell 2 allergen mediated process) and an increasingly recognized clinical pathologic entity. Current criteria include: symptoms of esophageal dysfunction, minimum 15 eosinophils in at least one high-power microscopy field on biopsy and exclusion of other potential causes as the most important differential diagnosis is GERD [13].

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter or the ring between esophagus and the stomach. (Cold et al., 2017) Dietary and lifestyle choices contribute to GERD. Foods such as chocolate, peppermint, fried foods, coffee, and alcoholic beverages can cause GERD. GERD is caused by stomach acid moving up into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) signs and symptoms might be pain in the chest that has a burning feeling. This happens after eating most of the time. Other symptoms could be heartburn, nausea, dry cough or a bitter taste. These symptoms can or may get worse when laying down. -Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - One of the tests that can be administered

There are a few diseases that is very commonly diagnosed, especially in the modern and developed countries of the world. One of these commonly diagnosed diseases is, gastroesophageal reflux disease. Within the last three decades the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease has increased by two-fold (Sonnenberg). There are multiple reasons and hypothesis why this disease is so prevalent especially in the wealthier countries of the world. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a digestive disorder that is usually caused by an abnormality in the lower esophageal sphincter allowing reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus (What Is GERD?). When this happens that esophagus will become sore, irritated, and inflamed.

Physicians first recommend trying over the counter medications for G.E.R.D. The medications include Tums, Rolaids, Tagamet HB, Pepcid AC, Axid AR, Zantac 75. (NIH, 2013) If the counter medications do not alleviate the symptoms, a prescription from a physician may be needed. Medications available by prescription include Nexium, Prevacid, Prilosec, Protonix, Aciphex. (NIH, 2013)

The gastrointestinal tract has barriers and secretions to provide protection from gastric acid. Disruptions in the balance between these protective factors and erosive factors can cause injury to the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms of these dysfunctions and injuries are similar and may be difficult to diagnose without a thorough knowledge of the disorders. The purpose of this paper is to describe the normal stimulation and production of gastric acid; the changes in gastric acid stimulation and production that occur with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastritis; the impact of behavior on pathophysiology of GERD, PUD, and gastritis;

- Esophagitis: Inflammation/swelling of the esophagus.Reflux: Acid from the stomach is pushed back up into the esophagus.Achalasia: When the valve where the esophagus opens into the stomach does not relax and let food pass into the stomach.Obstruction from rings and webs: Rings and webs are fibrous bands. They are benign (non-cancerous). They make the esophagus narrow and can cause food to get stuck.Dysphagia

Due to the stomach’s reduced production of acid and enzymes that aid in the breakdown of food, the patient experiences indigestion very frequently. Thus, it is recommended that they eat several small meals throughout the day as opposed to the typical three large meals a day. Stress management allows the patient to avoid developing stomach ulcers, which would worsen their condition; calming activities such as meditation and yoga are recommended. Alcohol is also a stomach lining irritant that should be avoided. Though milk may provide temporary relief in neutralizing stomach acid, it can increase its production in the long run, further worsening symptoms; thus, milk consumption should also be avoided. Regular or excessive use of NSAIDs (i.e. aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen) reduce the amount of protective substances that play a role in preserving the stomach lining; because of this, an alternative pain reliever that does not cause or worsen gastritis should be used, like acetaminophen. Because the stomach is producing little to no gastric secretions, absorption of iron and vitamin B12 may be inhibited. Thus, supplementation of these nutrients is

Gastric acid secretion is said to be a complex process regulated by hormonal and neural pathways (Ceglia et al. 2008). This paper would try to decipher the pathophysiology of gastric acid secretion and explain the changes process in different types of disorders such as gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.