Gaytrification and the Eviction of the Gayborhood
Introduction
In the past two decades, scholars have expressed keen interest in the gay gentrification (gaytrification) of historically well-defined gay urban neighborhoods (gayborhoods). Their studies have been comprehensive and have shed new light on the causes and effects of gentrification within these gayborhoods. In the course of their investigations, multiple forces were identified as agents of change in the gay ghetto/gay neighborhood in the 21st Century (Bitterman & Hess, 2016; Stover, 2014). Significant threats to gay and lesbian inhabitants and businesses in gentrified gay neighborhoods throughout the United States included real estate development and skyrocketing real estate prices (Moskowitz 2014, Stover 2014). Additionally, changing demographics and social acceptance seemed on track to alter the makeup, definition, and existence of the urban gay neighborhood (Bitterman & Hess, 2016). Finally, the gayborhood’s survival as a whole was thoroughly examined, as researchers argued that gays and lesbians have not only been agents of gentrification but also casualties of it (Christafore & Leguizamon, 2016; Moskowitz, 2017).
Literature Review
To understand the transition of these gayborhoods, it is essential to delve into the origins of the gayborhood and the desire for early gays and lesbians to seek sanctuary in these urban citadels (Carlsson, 1995; Ghazani, 2014). Historically, gay men and lesbian women sought refuge
George Chauncey’s Gay New York Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World 1890-1940, goes where no other historian had gone before, and that is into the world of homosexuality before World War II. Chauncey’s 1994 critically acclaimed book was a gender history breakthrough that gave light to a homosexual subculture in New York City. The author argues against the idea that homosexual men lived hidden away from the world. Chauncey’s book exposes an abundant culture throughout the United States, especially in New York. In this book Chauncey not only shows how the gay population existed, but “uncovers three widespread myths about the history of gay life before the rise of the gay movement which was isolation, invisibility, and internalization.” Chauncey argues against these theories that in the years 1890-1940, America had in fact a large gay culture. Chauncey book is impactful in the uncovering of a lost culture, but also works as an urban pre-World War II history giving an inside view of life in the city through sexuality and class.
Coney Island is a peninsular residential neighborhood in the southwestern part of the borough of Brooklyn, New York City. It is about 4 miles long and 0.5 miles wide. It is a home for 22,764 people. Coney Island is also a very diverse neighborhood. According to city-data, 51.2% of residents were White, 29.3% were Black, 18% were Hispanic or Latino, and 3.8% were Asian. The term “gentrification” was first coined in 1964 by Ruth Glass. Glass observed; "One by one, many of the working class quarters have been invaded by the middle class - upper and lower ... Once this process of 'gentrification ' starts in a district it goes on rapidly until all or most of the working class occupiers are displaced and the whole social social character of the district is changed" (Glass, 1964, p.xvii). Since then, many places started getting gentrified. Because of this, thousands of poor working class people lost their home. As an icon of New York City, there are definitely that the state government want to gentrify Coney Island in order to attract more investors to come start their business in here. However, even though local residents who have been lived in Coney Island for many years think gentrification is a good thing, but at the same time they are trying to save
In the constantly changing economy of cities, the growth of city housing is oftentimes neglected. In “Cities Mobilize to Help Those Threatened by Gentrification” Timothy Williams recounts how gentrification has evolved over the years. Mentioning how cities have changed in order to appease the younger professionals, Williams shows how the city itself is in jeopardy due to the tax increases. Slowly loosing their faithful residents as well as historic culture cities face a big deal. Williams gives quotes from faithful residents, “…long time homeowners are victims of the success story”, (Williams 346). In “Cities Mobilize to Help Those Threatened by Gentrification”, Williams uses his credible quotes and modern statistics to generate the reader’s emotions, with desire to change how city officials go about gentrification in culturally infused cities.
Greenwich Village is a known territory for sizable homosexuals; gays and lesbians. The huge numbers of homosexuals in the region may be due to the influx of men and women who earlier served in the military. The increasing population of homosexuals in the region encouraged the New York City to pass laws against homosexuality
When a neighborhood is gentrified it will not only change the image of it, but also the services available there (Al-Kodmany 2011, 62-63). In other words, gentrification does not only have an impact on the physical aspect of the land, but also the resources that lie there. During the 90s, the Near West Side neighborhood located near Loop, an up-scale neighborhood, sought drastic changes within the area. The changes in racial demographics in the Near West Side indicated that the health risks that affected minorities dropped in the past decade (1992-2002) (Al-Kodmany 2011,
It is no secret that homelessness is quickly becoming an epidemic in the United States, but the homeless population is not one secular demographic. For every person in the US living on the street, there is a unique story of how they got there; nonetheless, that is not to say that many of these stories are without some commonalities. Along with homelessness, there is another issue plaguing American cities, but this issue is much more covert, and exists under a guise of improvements like fancy apartments and trendy restaurants. Gentrification is defined as “the process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste” (Erikson); but what that definition fails to mention is the discourse it has on the
How exactly does a neighborhood become gentrified? First, analyze the word. According to Dictionary.com, gentrification is defined as, “the buying and renovation of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods by upper- or middle-income families or individuals, thus improving property values but often displacing low-income families and small businesses” (“Gentrification | Define Gentrification at Dictionary.com”). Usually, the terminology has a negative connotation associated with the meaning. Considering that the phrase links affluent residents, mostly white, to capitalizing on inexpensive real estate located within the ghetto. This was recognized in Bed-Stuy during the mid-nineties. Furthermore, the newcomers are eventually praised
I will be writing about George Chauncey’s Gay New York. In this text, George Chauncey seeks to restore that world to history, to chart its geography, and to recapture its culture and politics by challenging three widespread myths about the history of gay life before the rise of the gay movement. These include the myths of isolation, invisibility and internalization. The homosexual community is considered a subculture to the heterosexual community, which identifies as the dominant culture. George Chauncey wants to know why the dominant heterosexual culture often misinterprets the heterosexual subculture. He also talks about the assumptions the dominant culture carries about sexuality and culture. I believe there are two reasons the dominant culture misinterprets and make assumptions about the homosexual community; these two reasons consist of religious beliefs and social stigma of the dominant culture towards the subculture.
Many major cities across the United States had local publications that give insight into how a community developed and reacted to the events of the decade. Kansas City, Missouri was one of these cities. Throughout the 1970s there were no less than eight regular newsletters or newsmagazines. The majority of them did not run concurrently but by when examined chronologically they tell a story of the changes that occurred within the gay and lesbian community in Kansas City.
This investigation assesses the New York City Stonewall Riots of 1969, concerning their influence on the rise of the modern gay rights movement, specifically regarding political emergence, social unity, and demographic shifts. The investigation will attempt to answer the following question: To what extent were the Stonewall Riots of 1969 a catalyst for the LGBT social movement in America?
Washington, D.C. is rapidly changing in front of the citizen’s eyes. It is becoming a victim of “The Plan,” a theoretical conspiracy plan construed by whites to take over D.C.’s real estate, physical space, and politics. Gentrification in Washington, D.C. can essentially be defined as a shift in the community to attract and accommodate newcomers at the expense of the current inhabitants. In Washington, four neighborhoods are currently in the process of gentrification: Barry Farm, Lincoln Heights/Richardson Dwellings, Northwest One and Park Morton. These particular neighborhoods were specifically targeted by the government for their high crime rates, significant population of impoverished citizens, and inclusion of a certain economic class.
America has a long and complicated history, some of which has been forgotten or almost hidden away until recently, specifically LGBT history. The history of LGBTQIA+ people as a whole is something that has only been written about since the 1970s. Considering the fact that queer people have been around for much longer than that, their history is still not as developed as it should be. Michael Bronski, a cultural critic, independent scholar, progressive activist, and college professor, has been writing extensively on LGBT issues for four decades and has accumulated his knowledge into A Queer History of the United States. Publishing this “queer history”, his goal is to educated those who are willing to listen on the buried and forgotten LGBTQIA+
Since the early 2000s, gentrification accelerated in various New York City neighborhoods. Data shown that about 29.8 percent of New York City has been affected by gentrification in low-income communities (Governing Data 1). This is over a 20 percent increased from the previous decade in New York City alone. Gentrification is a term used to describe displacement or renewal in urban neighborhoods as a result of increasing property values and rent prices. Gentrification has existed since the 1960s but has rapidly increased since then . Gentrification has now become a common and global controversial topic in many low-income neighborhood. Although, gentrification hasn’t always been bad from increasing job opportunities to lowering crime rates. Gentrification has impacted and transformed underprivileged districts in New York City. However, at the advantage of who ? Thus, gentrification has only increased average rates of poverty and infused neighborhoods with “white privilege”.
“Excellent, then let’s see if we can come up with something that will hold that attention. William, I’m prepared to offer you a contract with a base salary of $28,500.00 for next year. The salary will be paid out from September through August over 24 bi-weekly pay periods,” Jason said.
Organization structure defined by leadership has a considerable impact on the formation of social networks. From psychological research during the 1940s and 1950s, it became evident that individuals gather into groups as a result of interaction opportunities, most commonly defined by places where people meet (Burt, Kilduff, and Tasselli, 2013). While it has been established that different social network structures can prove to be advantageous in differing scenarios, it is often believed that a greater number of connections in the workplace is beneficial, as meaningful relationships can lead to a sense of belonging and pride in an organization. Consequently, in many scenarios, facilitating interaction opportunities can be a common goal of management; providing employees the opportunity to get to know and learn from one another, whether through onboarding or continuous employee development, promotes the forming of groups and increase of density in a social network. As groups form, a new identity may be created, often characterized by signs of symbolic convergence. These signs might take on the form of inside jokes, symbols, behaviors, or similar views and begin to define what it means to be in the group. At the same time as a group forms, an in-group and out-group frequently begin to develop—those who belong to the group in question and those who do not. The membership discrepancy among in-groups and out-groups can turn problematic if taken too far. Although there is some