Gender Differences In Interpersonal Injury

The data covering Intimate Partner Violence in the United States (U.S.) is staggering and given that not every case is reported even more so.

Breiding, Matthew J., Sharon G. Smith, Kathleen C. Basile, Mikel L. Walters, Jieru Chen, and

Family violence in Indigenous communities is linked with the Domestic violence policy (Parliament of Australia, 2011). The Current definition used by the Australia government to guide domestic violence policies. Is that domestic violence “refers to acts of violence that occur between people who have, or have had, an intimate relationship” (Chung & Wendt, 2015, p.202). In addition the policy states that violence in a family relationship to be between two people related by blood or marriage. (Department of communities Child Safety and Disability Services, 2012). Thus family violence must have a separate policy to be able to address the accurate impacts of the problem in Indigenous Communities (Larsen & Peterson, 2010).

Australian aboriginal communities have been reported to experience a series of episodes involving an abnormal number of their members being particularly violent. "Indigenous people experience violence (as offenders and victims) at rates that are typically two to five times those experienced by non-Indigenous people and this can be much higher in some remote communities." (Willis) This is certainly disturbing, taking into account that it is obvious that these communities are predisposed to experiencing more violence than non-Aboriginal communities. Indigenous women are apparently even more likely

Women and children are amongst the most vulnerable population who are victims of physical and sexual violence due to lack of resources and adequate community support. Even though, aboriginal health plan includes long-term investments in prevention, promotion and health services, and better access to culturally appropriate health human resources, as well as mental wellness, but still there are

1)F.Scott Christopher and Tiffani S. Kisler(2012)surveyed mental health issues faced by women who experienced intimate partner violence.339 college women were surveyed and analysis showed that verbal aggression and minor and major physical violence overlapped.Experiences of sexual assault and minor physical violence also co-occurred.Women who experienced verbal and physical abuse but not sexual violence showed symptoms of hostility,anxiety,and depression and those who experienced sexual abuse displayed signs of depression.

Despite the fact the physical effects of domestic violence could be the similar as for other forms of violent crime, the emotional effects can be much worse. Domestic violence happens when a crime is committed against a victim by someone with whom the victim is or has previously found, in a close relationship or somebody living in the same household as the victim. Domestic violence regulations differ from state to state. These variances range from conceptualization to the requirements under required reporting laws. Because of all these differences, the entire process of avoidance a domestic violence situation rest on each state. The Violence

Domestic violence is an epidemic and the number one health concern in our country. There are more abusers and their victims compared to past years. As a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship, domestic violence is used by one person to gain or maintain power and control over another one. It can be physical, sexual, emotional, and economic abuse and not look the same in every relationship because every relationship is different. This kind of abuse affects people of all ages and sexes, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds, education and employment levels. Abuse towards children and the elderly can be violent or aggressive behavior. Thus, there are many types of abuse that one can suffer; awareness of the signs of domestic violence is especially important before getting into any kind of intimate relationship.

It is believed that a large part of the population is in risk of this type of victimization (Giardino, 2010). With the health care community taking more interest in this issue, new screening tools have been developed to guide in the victim’s safety and find a way for them to leave the relationship (Giardino, 2010). In addition, intervention programs have been developed for the purpose of decreasing the risk of perpetrators from re-offending. There is an estimated 5.3 million IPV cases among woman that have occurred each year in the United States (Giardino, 2010). Two million have resulted in injuries and 1,300 deaths. It is more common for females to be victims of IPV but there has been cases where the victims are male or transgender. They are either married or single, involved in a heterosexual or same-sex relationship, and are members of any ethnic or socioeconomic group (Giardino, 2010). The myth of victims being poor, uneducated women is false. There is controversy in regards to the race and economic status of victims of intimate partner violence. There is no relationship between IPV and race, economic status, or educational level (Giardino, 2010). According to the National Violence against Women (NVAW), the ethnic groups of women most affected by IPV are American Indian, Alaskan Native, African American, and Hispanics

Moreover, In various states, a domestic disturbance is a violation of the state. The leading cause of injuries in the United States is domestic violence which is affecting society. A majority of American couples will encounter a domestic violence incident once in their lifetime while in a relationship. Statistics reveal that a third of the nation regarding women is homicide victims that are murdered by former husbands or a spouse. A percentage of self-destruction attempt concerning battered women is at the twenty-six. Research shows that women who are not married are expected twenty-five percent more to encounter a domestic disturbance.

Domestic violence, also called intimate partner violence, is a pattern of behavior used to establish power and control over another person through fear and intimidation, often including the threat or use of violence. Statically women are the victims of domestic violence; this has been happening for a long time. In 1994 Congress passed the Violence Against Women Act, for the first time providing recognition and funding for sexual assault, domestic violence, and stalking against women. Although domestic violence occurs in all ethnic, racial, income groups, and age, abuse and most severe violence are more prevalent amongst the poor. Victim and witness assistance programs in the court systems try to minimize victimization by the criminal justice system, and encourage cooperation of victims and witnesses during the court process. According to Carlson, one obvious effect of domestic violence is physical injury; 42% of physical assault victims reported injuries most commonly scratches, bruises, and welts.

The work of Walthen, Harriet, and Macmillan (2003) examines intimate partner violence and how it is prevalent and associated with significant impairment however, the report states that it is not clear which interventions if any serve to reduce the rates of abuse and reabuse of women. The objective of the study reported is to conduct a systematic review from the view of primary health care of the evidence available on interventions focused at the prevention of abuse or reabuse of women. Data sources reviewed in the study include MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, HealthStar, and Sociological Abstracts were searched from the database start dates to March 2001 using database-specific key words such as domestic violence, spouse abuse, partner abuse, shelters, and battered women." (p.1) Conclusion of the study report that a great deal has been learned about the epidemiology of violence against women however, there is a serious gap in the knowledge about evidence-based approaches in the primary care setting toward the prevention of intimate partner violence. The study concludes by stating that a primary research priority is the evaluations of interventions focused on improving the health and well-being of women who has suffered

All around the world domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including children and adults. “It is estimated that approximately 3 million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year in the United States” (Feinstein). The most common victims of domestic violence are women, and children. Organizations that offers protection for victims includes: National Network to End Domestic Violence, Survivor Network, and National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence. Domestic violence can have negative effects on people causing; emotional, physical, and psychological damage.

Health care providers, such as physicians, nurse practitioners, physician’s assistants, and registered nurses, can enhanced their job recognizing the needs of abused women with whom they are in interaction daily. The consequences of violence on health are terrible. In addition to the direct damages from the battering, maltreated women might complain from chronic pain, digestive complaints, psychological symptoms, and eating disorders. Even though emotional abuse is often considered less serious, health care providers and supporters are more and more familiar with all kind of domestic violence and the tragic physical and emotional health consequences. Domestic violence is accompanying by mental health issues such as depression, nervousness and

Domestic violence is a behavioral pattern that is used to control, manipulate, and abuse another person, specifically in intimate relationships. This behavioral pattern contributes significant harm and suffer for witnesses and victims who have been exposed or involved in domestic violence. According to “Domestic Violence: Statistics and Fact” (n.d.), domestic violence are often experienced at least once out of 4 women during her lifetime and more than four million women experienced rape and physical assault. Women victims are usually ages of 18 to 34 years old and 60 percent of the time, domestic violence occurs at home. By contrast, three million men are more likely to experienced physical assault in the USA. Male who witnesses domestic violence