The focal point of this journal article focused on how the inherited genetic disease; Sickle cell anemia, is influenced by ethnicity and ancestry; two key categories that must be considered when explaining genetic associations and comparing traits amongst a population. This article compared the genetic profiles of African Americans with sickle cell disease to individuals of the Caucasian/ European descent and African descent. They discovered that although there is slight genetic comparison between ethnicity, there are more similarity in relation to ancestry and the Sickle cell trait. Three ancestry’s that resonated the most were the Mandinka’s, Yoruba’s, and Bantu from West Africa. In this study, researchers combined genome data from different …show more content…
Individuals with ancestry from the outlier Northern African ethnicities fell into a separate category showing little similarity with West, East and South Africans. The group of individuals with the greatest concentration of Africans and African Americans with and without the Sickle cell disease 55% and 43% respectively, were all from the Yoruba, Bantu, and Mandinka population. A significant percentage of individuals without the Sickle cell disease gene showed high level of Caucasian ancestry than Africans with sickle cell disease, demonstrating that Africans and African Americans with sickle cell disease have less similar genes with Caucasian in their ancestry. The research showed that individuals with Sickle cell disease have a genetic background most similar to that of the Mandinka, Yoruba, and Bantu tribe of West Africa. This is because individuals with Sickle cell disease inherit dual copies of the sickle mutation; a prevalent trait among the African populations. In the United States, sickle cell disease is common among the African American community. African Americans with Sickle cell disease have less Caucasian admixture than African Americans without the disease; their ancestry is most like the Mandinka, Yoruba, and Bantu populations in Western Africa. These observations can be applied to the interpretation of genetic association …show more content…
Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorders which leads to an abnormal hemoglobin or red blood cell shape. Hemoglobin is the protein found in red blood cells which transports oxygen throughout the body. Sickle cell disease is inherited by being passed on through genes from parents to their offspring. It is not a contagious as one cannot contract it through an infection or being with someone else. Individuals with Sickle cell disease inherit two abnormal hemoglobin genes from each parent respectively. The alteration in the composure of hemoglobin of someone with sickle cell leads to the change in red blood cell shape from a normal circle to a sickle shape. This leads to blood clotting, dehydration, anemia, and low oxygen in tissues. Furthermore, some other negative side effects of Sickle cell anemia are weakened bones and an overworked heart. Although Sickle cell has no present-day cure, there are experimental trials being conducted through bone marrow transplant and has proven effective. The primary goal of this transplant study is to reduce and ultimately eliminate the frequency of the Sickle cell episodes, crisis maintain normal hemoglobin levels. There are ways to prevent episodic sickle cell crisis such as staying adequately hydrated, limiting physical activities, blood transfusions and taking
Sickle Cell anemia is a type of anemia- A condition where there aren’t enough healthy blood cells to carry adequate amounts of oxygen throughout the body. It is also known as Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Normally red blood cells (RBC(s)) have a round shape, making them very flexible and giving them the ability to travel through your veins easily. However, when a person has sickle cell anemia, red blood cells become rigid and develop a crescent-like shape. This shape makes it hard for blood cells to travel through the body’s tiny veins. Thus, the crescent-shaped cells often get stuck in tight spots of the body and result in serious blood clots.
Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder that mostly affects people of African ancestry, but also occurs in other ethnic groups, including people who are of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent. More than 70,000 Americans have sickle cell anemia. And about 2 million Americans - and one in 12 African Americans - have sickle cell trait (this means they carry one gene for the disease, but do not have the disease itself).
It has always been assumed that genetics and lifestyle play a major role in the presence of health disparities and health care issue that affects African-Americans. This paper provides a historical background to a key disease more prevalent in the African American community, Sickle Cell Anemia, the history behind the disease, genetic mechanisms that influences once probability of inheritance and in-depth treatment on how to manage, prevent and sustain a healthy lifestyle when dealing with sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease that alters important aspects of the body physiologically and can be inherited via genes. Sickle cell disease (SCD) was first identified in 1910 and has existed in the continent of Africa for five
Hypothesis: African-American parents with the Sickle Cell Trait have the greatest risk of passing Sickle Cell Anemia to their offspring.
Sickle cell disease (SCD) occurs in 1 out of every 365 African American births compared to 1 out of 16,000 Hispanic-American births (1). SCD is a group of red blood cell disorders in which patients have a sickle or moon-shaped red blood cell due to an abnormal S hemoglobin. While sickle cell disease is relatively rare in American births, this is an alarming statistic among people of Sub-Saharan (west and central) African descent. An interesting fact is that SCD occurs more often among people from parts of the world where malaria is or was common, such as Sub-Saharan Africa (1). In addition, it is believed that people who carry the sickle cell trait are less likely to have
The sickle cell disease affects about 100,000 people in the America. The most common ethnic group the sickle cell anemia is seen in is African Americans and Hispanics. Approximately one in every ten African American and one in every one hundred Hispanic Americans have the sickle cell trait. Approximately two million people have the sickle cell trait in America. Approximately one in five- hundred African Americans and one in one thousand to one thousand and four hundred Hispanic-Americans have sickle cell disease. No universal cure has been found for sickle cell anemia (“Facts About Sickle Cell Trait And Disease,”n.d.). Sickle cell anemia affects many Americans and a universal cure needs to be found.
Sickle Cell Disease is normally viewed as a “black” disease, yet the primary areas of geographic origin of the disease are the Mediterranean Basin and Central Africa, regions that are primarily “white”.
Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that happen very commonly in the African descent.
Sickle cell disease is categorized as an autosomal recessive disease. That means in order for one to inherit the disease, they must inherit two recessive alleles for sickle cell disease, or hemoglobin S gene. Having only one recessive allele makes you a carrier. The disorder causes the affected person’s red blood cells to disfigure into a crescent or sickle, which differs from the normal red blood cells that shaped into a doughnut. Sometimes, cells in a sickle shape cannot get through the narrow passageways of the blood vessels as easily as normal red blood cells. This blocks blood from entering and oxygen can’t reach the affected person’s organs. It can also crystallize and block arteries and
Sickle -cell anemia is a very important subject to touch on in today’s time because many people honestly do not know what this is. Sickle -cell anemia is a severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels (SCDAA par .1). Also it is one of the most common diseases in the African American race. There are other races that this particular disease would show up in such as the Hispanics, and people of the South American descent. According to the American Society of Hematology there are a count for 70 ,000 to 100 ,000 African Americans suffering from this disease (American Society of Hematology par .1). Statistics also state that 1 in 12 African Americans even have the sickle cell trait (ASH par .4). By doing simple math, that means that over the course of a year, there are over 1 ,000 babies being born in the United States with that disease. I know if I was shocked by those numbers, there are others out there who would be shocked too. I believe there should be more awareness thrown out there about sickle cell anemia because, it takes 2 parents with the trait to bring a child into this world unknowingly with the full blown disease. Throughout many countries sickle -cell often times gets sucked under the radar, when it really should be front in center because of the severity of this disease. Sickle -cell does not go away in a few days with a little bit of rest or medication, like the
The cause of sickle cell anemia is by a mutation gene. The gene tells your body to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is responsible for giving the blood its red color and allows the red blood cells to carry oxygen from your lungs to all the parts of your body. The sickle cell gene is passed down from one generation to the next and is inherited. It is called autosomal recessive inheritance. This happens when both the mother and father pass on the detective form of gene. If only one parent passes on the sickle cell gene to the child that means the child will have the sickle cell trait. People who have the sickle cell trait are carriers and can pass the defective gene to their children. Your ethnic background can put you at risk for sickle cell anemia.
It is interesting to know the relationship between race and body structure, skin color, other visible characteristics, enzymatic and genetic variations, susceptibility to diseases and nutritional preferences varies among certain racial groups (Giger, 2013). There are marked intra individual and inter individual inconsistency in SCD. Medical heterogeneity of the disease has been clarified by both genetic and environmental factors. Identified genetic causes adding to differences in clinical severity of the disease include the pattern of sickle cell inheritance. Other modulators of the disease include environmental factors such as access to optimal health care, ambient living conditions, and availability of finance. Proper training of healthcare
As mentioned earlier, SCD is Autosomal recessive, which means both copies of the sickle gene are inherited from the parents (Sickle Cell Disease). Those more likely to present with Sickle Cell Disease are of African, Mediterranean, and Caribbean origin (Sickle Cell Disease). Genes that SCD can carry in hemoglobin are as follows: Hemoglobin SS(hgbSS), Hemoglobin SC (hgbSC), Hemoglobin Sβ° thalassemia, hemoglobin Sβ°+ Thalassemia, Hemoglobin SD(hgbSD) and Hemoglobin SE(hgbSD) (What is Sickle Cell Disease?). Below is a case study about the Orca Family that shows family generations of SCD and the Sickle Cell
Being heterozygous helps individuals thrive in a dangerous environment plagued with diseases. However, not everyone is lucky enough to acquire the heterozygous allele, some individuals must live the rest of their lives with sickle-cell and they are also prone to other diseases. Furthermore, being a carrier of the homozygous (SS) allele can increase your chances of dying if the person becomes infected with another virus or disease. Moving along, my research also determined that there is a need for more neonatal screening since Africa is susceptible to numerous types of diseases, and sickle-cell being one of them. Another important subject to bring up is that sickle-cell may have been brought to Africa by people migrating from Southern Arabia and India, or it may have been a mutation that took
Sickle Cell Anemia is a hereditary disease that changes the smallest and most important components of the body. A gene causes the bone marrow in the body to make sickled shapes, when this happens; it causes the red blood cell to die faster. This is what causes Hemolytic Anemia. Older children and adults with sickle cell disease may experience a few complications, or have a pattern of ongoing problems that shorten their lives. The most common and serious complications of sickle cell disease are anemia, pain, fatigue, and organ failure. Today there are many alternatives and opportunities that a sickle cell patient may consider. One outlined in this paper is the Hydroxyurea method.