Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

There are many community assets available in the Summit County area for women who suffer from cervical cancer one of which is The Pink Ribbon Project. The Pink Ribbon Project is venture is funded by the Ohio Department of Health and the Federal Government Bureau of Health Promotion and Risk Reduction. With this, women over the age of 40 who lack health insurance and have an income at or below 200% of the federal poverty level qualify to receive cervical cancer screening service and breast exams at no cost to them. Women over the age of 50 without health insurance and are below the poverty line are eligible to receive free mammograms in addition to a Pap smear and breast examination. This is important to the residents of Summit County, a county

By dates, the patient is 35 5/7 weeks and the measurements are concordant. The amniotic fluid volume is normal. The fetus is in cephalic presentation. The BPP and Doppler studies are reassuring. A complete fetal anatomical survey was performed and no major malformations were noted at this time within the resolution of the ultrasound equipment other than the fetal abdomen. There is a cystic structure seen in the fetal abdomen that is about 3 cm in diameter with some echolucency surrounding this. It is below the kidney but above the fetal bladder as identified in your office.

Primarily, cancer of the cervix uteri is affecting women in developing countries such as “sub-Saharan Africa, Melanesia, Latin America and the Caribbean, South-Central Asia, and South East Asia” (Parkin and Maxwell, 2006, p. 1). Given the incidence rates of the different ethnicities aforementioned by the USCSWG, there is no plausible evidence that negates a positive correlation of cervical cancer among racial ethnicities of divergent countries to the United States. To exemplify, Parkin and Maxwell (2006) suggest that the standard age incidence rate (ASR) for cervical cancer in the Caribbean is 33.5 per 100,000, the ASR for sub-Saharan Africa is 31.0 per 100,000, and the ASR for the United States is less than 15.0 per 100,000. Hariri, Unger, Sternberg, Dunne, Swan, Patel, and Markowitz (2011) remark that the prevalence of HPV in Africa-American women was high, even with just having one lifetime partner.

Exploratory laparoscopy can be performed if there is concern for ectopic pregnancy. Patients in pain and/or those who are hemodynamically unstable should proceed to laparoscopy. Laparoscopy allows assessment of the pelvic structures, the size and exact location of the ectopic pregnancy, the presence of hemoperitoneum (see the image below), and the presence of other conditions such as ovarian cysts and endometriosis, which, when present with an intrauterine pregnancy, can mimic an ectopic pregnancy. Furthermore, laparoscopy provides the option to treat once the diagnosis is established. Laparoscopy remains the criterion standard for diagnosis; however, its routine use on all patients suspected of ectopic pregnancy may lead to unnecessary risks, morbidity, and costs. Moreover, laparoscopy can miss up to 4% of early ectopic pregnancies; as more ectopic pregnancies are diagnosed earlier in gestation, the rate of false-negative results with laparoscopy would be expected to

A pink ribbon symbolizes breast cancer awareness for women. Their first appearance occurred in 1979 when a wife, whose husband has been taken to Iran started to tie yellow ribbons around the trees in her front yard, her dream was to see her husband come home again. The second appearance occurred 11 years later when an AID activist looked at the yellow ribbons that represented the soldiers fighting in the war, he turned the ribbons bright red representing blood. In 1990, the first breast cancer survivor launched a campaign named ‘Komen for the Cure’. They launched a race and all the survivors wore printed black and white buttons, the design was an abstract female runner outlined in a pink ribbon. Later that year, the program developed and the

Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecological malignancy; although median age of diagnosis is 56 and older (post-menopausal) it can affect women of any child-birthing age. It is the 5th most common cancer diagnosed in the UK with 7,284 new cases in 2013 (Ovarian Cancer Statistics, 2013) Although the incidence is less than that of breast cancer, there is a greater number of deaths (4,271 deaths) associated with it. Almost three-quarters of the ovarian cancer are diagnosed at late stages after tumors have metastasized within the peritoneal cavity.

Cervical cancer, also called cervical carcinoma, develops from abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix (McKesson Clinical...). The cervix connects the vagina and the uterus. During birth, the cervix dilates and allows a baby to pass from the womb to the birth canal (Hixson, 37). Sadly, cervical cancer used to be the common cause of cancer deaths in women, but fatalities greatly reduced since the development of the Pap smear in the 1930s (American Cancer...). Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer may increase the possibility of pregnancy.

Epithelial tumors about ninety percent of ovarian cancer develop in the epithelium, which is the thin sheet of tissue that protects the ovaries. This form of ovarian cancer generally occurs in postmenopausal women. Germ cell carcinoma, making up about five percent of ovarian cancer causes, begins in the cells that form eggs. Germ cell carcinoma can transpire in any woman; however, it tends to be found in women who are just entering adulthood. There are several different varieties of germ cell carcinoma that exist, but the three most familiar types are teratomas, dysgerminomas and endodermal sinus tumors. Most of the tumors that surface in the germ cells are not cancerous. However, stromal carcinoma tumors ovarian stromal carcinoma are malignant, accounting for about five percent of ovarian cancer cases. These tumors emerge in the connective tissue cells that connect the ovaries together and those that produce female hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. The two most common types of tumors are granulosa cell tumors and sertoli leydig cell tumors. In contrast to epithelial ovarian carcinoma, 70 percent of stromal carcinoma cases are detected when they are in the beginning stage. Small cell carcinoma of the ovaries is a rare, distinctly c tumor that affects primarily young women whom have an average age of 24 years old. The subtypes of small cell carcinoma of the ovaries includes pulmonary, neuro-endocrine and hypercalcemic small cell carcinoma of the ovaries accounts for 0.1 percent of ovarian cancer instances. Approximately two thirds of patients with small cell carcinoma ovaries have hypercalcemia which is when there is an abundant amount of calcium in the blood. (``Types of Ovarian Cancer``,

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

The 24-year-old Caucasian female presents with painless vaginal bleeding grava 1 para 0 at 28 weeks’ gestation. She has no medical history, takes pre-natal vitamins and is compliant with her prenatal visits. She denies fever, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, syncope or difficulty breathing. She is married and her husband is with her for the office visit. They are both college educated with full time employment, own a home and no signigicant environmental risk factors to affect this pregnancy. They concienved naturally hand have been attending birthing classes and are actively engaged in the prenatal process.

The studies were conducted both on pregnant and nonpregnant women. The scar defects were evaluated based on shape, size, and thickness of residual myometrium. In an unscarred, the lower uterine segment (LUS) is viewed as three-layered structure. The inner layer includes chorioamniotic membrane and endometrial layer. Middle layer includes myometrium, and outer layer includes peritoneal reflection and bladder wall (Cheung 2004). As the pregnancy progress, the LUS develops and the layers changes in sonographic resolution. Myometrium becomes thinner gradually and less distinguished later on in the pregnancy. Whereas in as scarred uterus different layers are not well demarcated, the LUS is comparatively thin. It is considered as scar defect if there is a window or defect in the myometrium. The CS scar was measured in two planes, transverse and sagittal. In the sagittal plane, scar depth, width and residual myometrial thickness (RMT, between hypoechoic indentation at the bottom of the scar to the hyperechoic line of the uterovesical fold) measured and the length of the scar measured in the transverse plane (Naji 2012).

Occurrence of fibroids is heavily dependent on estrogen and progesterone. Fibroids, therefore, are more common in women of reproductive years. Fibroids are known to shrink after menopause. Some causes include obesity and high blood pressure. Research has also shown that women with a family history of uterine fibroids are more likely to develop the condition. African-American women are more prone to developing tumors than their Caucasian counterparts. Some surveys in the United States have indicated that lower intake of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus have caused occurrence of fibroids in the uterus.

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Identifying women with risk factors is the key for the early diagnosis and management(Bowman 2014).The major risk factor/s for MAP are: low lying placenta(praevia);a history of previous uterine/womb surgery e.g. caesarean sections, uterine curettage and myomectomy(Bowman 2014;Comstock 2014). However, other risk factors, such as mum over 35 years,IVF(in-vitro fertilisation) pregnancy,having many children, smoking, fibroids, abnormalities in the

A heterotopic type of pregnancy is considered a complication and not a natural consequence because it usually happens to women who are at high risk for having an ectopic pregnancy or those who undergo ovulation induction1, as seen in our index case. It is a simultaneous occurrence of an intrauterine and an ectopic pregnancy which can implant anywhere outside of the endometrial cavity. In 93.9 percent of cases, the ectopic pregnancy usually occurs in the fallopian tubes but other sites such as the ovaries and the