Hoover Dam, The Parthenon And Burj Khalifa

Concrete can be looked at as a material made from sand, gravel and cement. According to Lambert (2002), “the first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and the Romans from around 300 BC”. Roman concrete like modern concrete was an artificial building material made up of aggregate, binding agent and water. Aggregate could be gravel, chunks of stone, chunks of rubble, broken bricks, etc. Binding agent could be mud , lime or gypsum, mixed with rubbles stone. The Roman added pozzolona, a special volcanic dust found in central Italy (Archserve, n.d). The addition of pozzolona made the bond with the aggregate far stronger than what was traditionally being used. This development drastically changed and shaped construction work in the life of Rome.

Concrete has many effects on the environment. Concrete damages topsoil which is the most fertile layer of soil. Concrete also contributes to surface runoff, erosion, and pollution. Concrete is helpful for preventing floods by building dams. I think that using concrete is good because while it does create runoff while used in roads it won't when used in a monument. And even though it damages soil it will not matter because their are no farms in the city.

“Roman concrete (opus caementicium), like modern concrete, is an artificial building material composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water. Aggregate is essentially a filler, such as gravel, chunks of stone and rubble, broken bricks, etc. Binding agent is a substance which is mixed with the aggregate wet (water added) and solidifies when it dries, or "sets." Many materials, even mud, can be a binding agent, and used to make, what we generally call, mortar. Historically lime or gypsum, mixed with rubble stones, have been used as binding agents in making a strong mortar” (Roman Concrete).

There were opus reticulatum (square-based pyramids) and opus testaceum (triangular based pyramids). Concrete were used by the Romans for their empire. They used concrete for their town walls, roads, and

Roman building using cement (Labate, 2016) dates from the third century BCE. Cement was used with crushed bricks and rock to produce concrete used for building. The cement was made from volcanic dust (pozzolana), lime (calcium oxide) or gypsum (calcium sulphate). This mixture reacts when mixed with water, binding the concrete into a permanent, strong, impermeable structure. The Roman engineers discovered that the use of cement in their mortar dramatically increased its strength. Special types of cement were discovered and used for under-water structures like harbors and bridge piers. Roman workmen perfected the skill of building with concrete, some of which, like the Parthenon, are still intact and beautiful to this day. During the first century CE, Rome had a “Concrete Revolution”, many concrete buildings being built as skill developed.

This material was concrete. Romans created a concrete mixture consisting of several materials such as lime and volcanic sand. The Romans had created a very strong and durable type of concrete. This substance combined with the design of the arch created a very strong building. Walls could also be built from the concrete. Along with bricks concrete would be place with in the wall to hold the bricks together making a more ridged structure. Aqueducts where then created which provided water to the cities. This made architects interested in the material and later on lead to larger and different structures. Soon several cultures adopted the Roman arch. Other cultures adapted the Roman arch and developed it further. Experimentation lead cultures to design pointed, scalloped, and horseshoe arches to symbolize mosques and palaces. The Roman arch was a very important solution to a very important issue of construction. The Roman arch also caused the Romans themselves to make further architectural developments. They combined arches to form ceilings or roofs called

Marble, stone, iron, reinforced concrete, and wood can bee seen throughout history and across the globe being used as major building materials. Marble can be seen being used in the United States to create a well known national monument, the Washington Monument in Washington D.C. Then marble can be seen being used again in the past when it was used to create the Parthenon, the ancient greek temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. Stone was used in creating one of the seven wonders of the world the Great pyramid of Giza a tomb that would be dedicated to Pharaoh Khufu. Later, during the Ancient Roman times stone would be used again to create the Colosseum that would host fights to the death. Iron can be found in Paris, France both in the prominent Eiffel tower and again in the Sainte-Geneviève Library. As for reinforced concrete that was used as a major material in two quite large projects La Sagrada Familia and the creation of the shells on the Sydney Opera House. Lastly, wood can be recognized in the construction of the ancient Buddhist temple the Horyuji Temple, and again in the Pancho Arena where Soccer is celebrated. Altogether these five major materials have created these renowned works of architecture that maybe otherwise we would not have today without

This research is on the Ancient Egyptian Culture. Ancient Egypt was located in Northeastern Africa along the Nile River. Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt from 5000 to 2950 BC; the unification of Egypt was around 3000 BC. Ancient Egypt was around until about 50 BC. The Egyptians are known for many accomplishments; they include: their complex irrigation system, hieroglyphics, and the practice of medicine, the calendar, their art, and the construction of the pyramids. The pyramids were built as monuments to honor the dead. There are many mysteries concerning the construction of the pyramids. This research will be directed towards the Great Pyramids at Giza. The pyramids are a very interesting subject matter because they are gigantic structures that were constructed by only the minds of early architects and the hands of many workers. This research will cover the ideas of how these Great Pyramids were constructed.

Precast concrete is a construction method for casting concrete into a reusable mold. Recently, the number of buildings and infrastructure projects constructed using precast concrete has grown exponentially. Modern day technologies have turned precast concrete into a very durable, sustainable, and quality controlled product. Will precast and modular building systems be the future of sustainable, quality, and economical building methods?

Concrete is “a building material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water, which can be spread or poured into moulds and forms a stone-like mass on hardening” (http:// (www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/concrete)

Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of lime mortar, sand with stone rubble, pozzolana, water, and stones, and stronger than previously-used concrete. The ancient builders placed these ingredients in wooden frames where it hardened and bonded to a facing of stones or (more frequently) bricks. Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less costly than building solid stone buildings. The materials were readily available and not difficult to transport. The wooden frames could be used more than once, allowing builders to work quickly and efficiently.

Concrete is a important product that is used in the construction of building and infrastructures. A concrete has to have strength, durability and quality to make a strong and stable infrastructure. This study will tell us does ACC concrete mix is a very good product in the market. Does it pose a strong contender to its competitors in the current market and does the brand image of ACC ltd. plays any role in purchasing of its products.

Masonry has been replaced by concrete and steel for a number of uses in construction in the last century or so, but there are still many uses today that keeps masonry relevant. Although masonry in itself calls for highly skilled workers, the productivity has been able to keep up with its competitors by becoming better at moving all the materials needed, as well even premaking the mortar off site so that it is ready to use once on site. One reason that masonry has become less popular in the recent years is that it yields a very low tensile strength compared to reinforced concrete. But in fact, reinforcements can also be added to masonry to increase its tensile strength. There are a number of positives to using masonry. One of which being that one material can have a number of functions; for example not only can a structure be built from masonry, but the brick will act as a fire retardant, protectant from the elements, and also an insulator. Another advantage to using masonry would be its durability. Masonry requires little to no maintenance, and can last well over a hundred years if properly layed.

ADVANTAGES OF GREEN CONCRETE Green concrete has manifold advantages over the conventional concrete. Since it uses the recycled aggregates and materials, it reduces the extra load in landfills and mitigates the e of aggregates. Thus. the net co: emissions are reduced. The reuse of materials also contributes intensively to economy. Since the waste materials like aggregates from a nearby area and fly ash from a nearby power plant are not much expensive and also transport costs are minimal. Green concrete can be considered elemental to sustainable development since it is eco-friendly itself. Green concrete is being widely used in green building practices. also helps the green buildings achieve LEED and Golden Globe certifications. L'se of my ash in the concrete also increases its workability and many other properties like durability to an appreciable extent One of the practices to manufacture green concrete volves reduction of arnount cement in the mix this practice helps in reducing the consumption of cement overall. The use waste materials also solve the prohlem of disposing the excessive amount industrial

Concrete has no opinion about its shape; a gloppy material, it will take any shape give it, as long as it’s given time to cure. Traditionally, concrete is cast using rigid panels like plywood. Although reinforce concrete become the standard in the last decades, few of its potentialities have been fully exploited. “Apart from the unconquerable inertia of our minds, which do not seem to be able to adopt freely new ideas, the main cause of this delay is a trivial technicality: the need to prepare wooden forms” (Nervi, 1956, p. 95). Most industrial material are produced through single axis mills. This produced uniform surface. The obvious exceptions are cast materials such as concrete. But if concrete is cast into molds made of rigid, flat material produced by milling, the result will likely be flat and straight forms. Fabric formwork is a building technique that uses structural membranes as the main material for concrete molds. Unlike traditional formwork, fabric formwork is highly flexible and can deflect under the pressure of concrete. The results are variety of shapes that are not normally associated with concrete. As buildings become more complex, there is an increasing demand for molding creative and organic forms. Concrete, theoretically, is the perfect material to make a variety of shape. Fresh concrete can be shaped in different types of formwork. “The visual appearance and effect of fabric-formed concrete is strikingly different from that of conventional concrete