How do Westerns and East Asians differ in general? Many scholars comment on the fact that East Asian countries act similarity in various conditions due to the influence of Confucianism and shared culture history. Often the Confucian roots in these countries become solutions to resolve the cultural differences compared to the West. Raymond Cohen categorizes the Western style negotiation into a low-context style and Asians as high context style. The reason that the East and West differ greatly in negotiating styles is due the collectivistic traits in Asian societies but not Confucianism. Many countries that are not in the Confucianism sphere also share the same high-context styles that are contrasting to the West. The conditions of these …show more content…
Americans use these four negotiating styles interchangeable in different cases. Contrastingly, it is hard to use any of these four styles to describe East Asians’ negotiating style. East Asian negotiators often give priorities to their long-term friends instead of looking for the win-win solution the American government prefers. In many cases, East Asian countries would ask for understanding from the opponent in order to change the policies that are already settled. It is hard for East Asian nations to engage in moralistic and superpower styles because the bases of these to negotiating styles requires a country to reach hegemony first. Countries like China and Japan, who have reached hegemony in East Asia in the past, do not have the strength of America today because the global institutions were not yet constructed and the diplomatic ties cross regions were weak. East Asian countries tend to focus on the duties they carry and place importance on domestic and regional affairs rather than advocating for the rights of the countries that are in other parts of the world. Many would use the example of the former Chinese tributary system to describe that power dynamics between states are dominant in Asia historically. However, this is a false interpretation resulting from looking at historical events through modern lenses. Participants of the tributary states preferred being in the system
The Chinese negotiation style is based on building relationships with people in the negotiation rather then to hammer out details of an agreement. They feel the beginning stages of the negotiation is the time establish a human relationship and to create the bonding of friendship with the goal to become “old friends” by the
In conclusion, the difference between Confucianism and Hinduism can be observed in their differing worldview despite some overlap in social conventions. Hinduism's focus is on mystical objectives (not to be confused with the law of India), as it dismisses reality as we understand it as illusionary. Confucianism’s focus is squarely on this world, and its chief emphasis is social and political
Thesis: Chinese Confucianism and Roman Christianity are similar in both set key principles adopted by governments and both were created by leaders who taught by lesson yet different in that Confucianism was promoted by the government whereas political leaders in Rome strongly opposed Christianity.
Western and Confucian Ethics have many differences, starting with the concept of ritual practice. Early in Ames writing he states, “There are variable degrees of personalization in ritual practices, and the roles they establish are hierarchical. These roles form a kind of social syntax.” (Ames, 200) In order to understanding ritual practice, the five bonds in relationships in hierarchical order are ruler to ruled, father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger bother and friend to friend. Once you understand the significant of the hierarchical roles more enlightenment come in understanding the ritual life of the Chinese. Further Ames says, “Ritual preserves and transmits culture. Ritual socializes a person and makes one a member
Confucian culture, also known as Confucianism, was founded by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period, which was developed gradually after the Han Dynasty with benevolence as the core. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was the official ideology and the basis of mainstream ideology in the vast majority of historical periods of China, and it also influenced many southeast Asian countries in history. After a variety of shocks, Confucianism was still the core values of China's social public, and represented the Chinese culture and national tradition in the world (Littlejohn, 2010). In the contemporary society, the Confucian culture in China increasingly spread, at the
This paper shows cultural differences between Iranians, Chinese and Indians in business negotiations based on interviews with three businessmen: an American citizen who set up a general trading company in China, an Iranian Canadian citizen who has a trading company in Iran, and an Indian America who set up a business in India. The interview questions focused on cultural elements based on Hofstede’s research: power distance, low-high context, and general business behavior in these countries.
Confucianism and Daoism are complex Chinese philosophies that are seemingly at odds with each other. Confucianism stresses the importance of respect, relationships, and social activism, while Daoism recommends withdrawal and introspection as a solution to one's problems. Although it appears impossible for these two ideals to exist simultaneously in one culture, they exist as natural and logical solutions to problems, and are present globally. Because Confucianism and Daoism are philosophies and not actual religions, they can easily assimilate into any culture, including America's, resulting in positive and negative consequences.
The term “Confucianism” is often regarded as a complex mechanism of social, political, moral as well as religious beliefs that have considerable influence especially upon the civilizations belonging to the East Asian countries such as China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea along with Singapore and Vietnam. With reference to the observation made by Reid (1999), it can be viewed that a clear depiction about different principles and beliefs exists within the sphere of “Confucianism”. Therefore, the major purpose of this report is to briefly review of T. R. Reid’s book “Confucius Lives Next Door: What Leaving In The East Teaches Us About Living In the West” through concisely unfolding the experience of
Confucianism has been a predominant school of thought in China for ages and is a cornerstone of Chinese culture. Its influence on human relationships and ethical
When Western people think of Confucianism, they often think of it in a past sense- as something only relevant to ancient China that cannot be applied to modern day society. However, what these people fail to realize is that Confucianism’s roots have been so integrated into China’s society that the values have become a part of every day life. Without having to explicitly state that they are following specifics aspects of Confucianism, most Chinese people submit to them, often times unknowingly. However, Confucian values not only exist in the Chinese society, but also permeate into other areas of Chinese culture such as architecture and aspects of Feng-Shui.
Confucianism is a time enduring philosophy that has stood up to invading clans, war, resentment, enforcement and infringement of new philosophies, and eventually, revival. For almost 80 years, up until the late 1970’s, Confucianism and its ideas and values have been all but wiped away from China. Though effort was made to remove Confucianism for good from China by the Communist leader Mao Zedong in 1949, the ideas and values were so deeply embedded into peoples mind and the culture that even suppression could not keep it out of the culture and practices. The main factor that has brought Confucianism back into the limelight in China and other East Asian countries is the recent
The term “behavior” refers one’s acts dominated by ideology in response to certain situations. Behavior derives from the long development of culture in which people are defined what is supposed to act based on the identity given. In other words, one’s behavior sometimes is the demonstration of one’s identity. Living in a multi-culture world, people from various cultures may behave totally different toward a situation or stimulus. Western and eastern cultures typically reflects the point of behavioral differentiations among distinct cultures. The United States, as a superpower established in last hundreds of years, possesses distinguishing features of western culture such as open and liberty. Meanwhile, China is an eastern country with an ancient civilization stands for conservative culture. Therefore, as represents of these two cultures, the United States and China are appropriate examples to explore the behavioral differentiations, and the differences in behavior can be well demonstrated through daily behaviors like classroom, driving and dining.
The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has become more integrated and willing to cooperate within the global political and economic systems than ever in its history. However, there is growing apprehension in the Asia-Pacific region and the U.S. in regards to the consequences of rising in economic and military power in China. Descriptions about Chinese diplomacy in the policy and scholarly are less positive lately concerning China’s obedience to regional and international rules. There was little debate in the U.S. and elsewhere in regards to whether China was or was not part “the international community.” Scholars and experts in the early 1990s have contended
Theories are used in many fields of science, but in no field are they more prevalent than Political Science. These theories are often used and researched upon to try and attempt to discern how states interact with one another. Offensive Realism, a new branch of realist political theory, is brought forth in John Mearsheimer’s book, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. This theory focuses on the key aspects of realism, while adding a twist as to why war is an option. In his book, Mearsheimer explains the history of great powers, and predicts that China, the world’s current rising great power, will not gain hegemony in Asia peacefully. With the rise of China, he asserts the US will form coalitions with multiple states throughout Asia, to contain their growing power. This rise in power, and subsequent reactions by the US, are based on his theory Offensive Realism, which is used to predict China’s future actions. The rise of powers, and the reactions of other powers, is historically analyzed, beginning in the late 18th century, all the way to modern times. These analyzes each attempt to support his overall claim that China will rise through non-peaceful means, and shows significant support with historical examples. While the theory often meets an exception when the usual non-European power, Japan, is mentioned, Mearsheimer’s theory introduces a solid new aspect to the realm of Political Science, and presents enough evidence and information to be considered integral to
Another element of the American culture is the egalitarianism. The high regard of equality can be seen in the pursuit of equal opportunities, in the refusal of authority and paternalism, the requirement of participation as well as in the preference of informal behavior. (Stahl/Langeloh/Kühlmann, 1999: 57)