How Does Diabetes Mellitus Affect The Individual 's Morbidity And Mortality

Pittas (2003) expressed that, Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar level) condition, resulting from the deficit of insulin secretion, insulin action or both. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and is cause by lack of insulin secretion by beta cells of the pancreas; Type 2 diabetes mellitus, also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, is caused by decreased sensitivity of target tissues to insulin. In both types of diabetes mellitus, metabolism of all the food is altered. The effect of lack if insulin or insulin resistance of glucose metabolism is to prevent the efficient uptake and utilization of glucose by most cells of the body, except those of the brain. As a result of this, blood glucose concentration increases, cell utilization of glucose falls increasingly lower and utilization of fats and proteins

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

We all enjoy having a sweet treat every now and then. This sweet treat is almost always full of sugar that is taken by the body and converted into glucose that our body can use as a source of energy or store it for later, this process of using sugar and storing it is done via metabolic reactions. Metabolic reactions are chemical reactions that take place in us and make use of the food and hormones that are our body. Diabetes mellitus, or diabetes for short, will prohibit patients diagnosed with it from having a lot of sugary foods, if not forcing them to avoid sugars completely.

This experiment observes the effects of insulin and glucagon on the relative blood glucose levels in the mesenteric artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein by times of fasting and postprandial. Blood Glucose is the amounts of sugar, or glucose within the blood system. This is important because body’s cells need glucose to create energy or ATP. Normal blood glucose levels range from 70-120mg/dl. Postprandial levels would range between 130-150mg/dl and fasting levels would be 50-60mg/dl. Insulin is stimulated by high blood glucose levels, once stimulated it works to transport excess glucose into the liver or other parts of the body, typically being muscle and fat tissue. This is known as glycogenesis, the synthesis of glucose into glycogen to be used for later energy production. Glucagon is stimulated by low blood glucose levels, once it is stimulated it can go through glycogenolysis which will convert the glycogen back into glucose to help level out the blood glucose levels. Gluconeogenesis is performed when there is no more glycogen to create glucose or any other carbohydrates. Therefore the body must create glucose

Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases which affect the amount of glucose in the blood. The high blood glucose levels are caused by the body not being able to produce enough insulin to meet its metabolic needs. Insulin is a hormone released from the pancreas which controls the amount of glucose in the blood. When there is too much glucose in the blood insulin will be released which will move glucose into the cells. Once in the cells the glucose is used as an energy source or it is stored as glycogen. There are two diseases which fall under diabetes mellitus which are type I and type II. In type I diabetes the body cannot produce insulin due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. Type II diabetes is

The pancreatic hormone glucagon is a peptide secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, a region located in the tail of the pancreas ("Glucagon..."). Similar to the other major pancreatic hormone insulin, glucagon helps to regulate the levels of glucose in the body. While insulin works mainly to reduce high blood glucose levels, glucagon does the opposite and works to increase low blood glucose levels by seeking other sources of stored glucose in the body. When blood glucose is low—like in between meals or during exercise—alpha cells secrete glucagon into the bloodstream. The protein then travels to the liver, where it is recognized by G protein coupled receptors on the hepatocytes ("Glucagon - New World Encyclopedia"). Glucagon

The public health impact of diabetes mellitus is enormous. In the United States, nearly 25.8 million persons (8.3% of the population) have diabetes mellitus, although it is estimated that only 72% are aware of their diagnosis. (Miller,2016) In this world today more of the Doctors and people that are going learning about this disease, and is more aware of how to diagnose and treat the condition. Center for Disease Control and Prevention states, "A lot more than one-third (34.9% or 78.6 million) of U.S. grownups are obese (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2016)". When looking at these different figures it is revelation in our eyes. Making people around the world search for a solution to distressing epidemic. Many obese people are not aware of how much the hazardous life is to have a long life. Mentioned even further in this particular report, obesity results in numerous devastating health conditions and problems like type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes Mellitus is an ever growing disease that is impacting approximately 29 million Americans and approximately 371 million people around the world. Approximately one-third of the people estimated to have some form of diabetes have not yet been diagnosed. This is leading to complications and even death due to lack of treatment. Diabetes is a world health issue and is quickly moving up the scale with regards to cause of death. The World Health Organization (WHO) believes it will become the 7th leading cause of death by 2030 and estimate that total deaths will rise more than 50% over the next 10 years(371 million people have diabetes globally). This disease is quietly becoming the leading killer of, not only Americans, but the entire world and needs to be addressed aggressively before it gets out of hand and the costs become too great.

Low blood glucose levels are detected by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets, which respond to hypoglycaemic stimuli by producing the hormone glucagon. Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone that acts in an antagonistic way to insulin, causing blood glucose levels to rise and promote processes that spare glucose utilisation. It has a powerful effect on the liver which stimulates the production of glucose from stored glycogen and amino acids. The insoluble glycogen molecules found in muscle and liver cells is able to be converted back into soluble glucose molecules which then dissolves into the bloodstream, rising blood glucose levels, and glucagon therefore having a hyperglycaemic effect on the body. This process is called gluconeogenesis.

Reactive hypoglycemia, a rare form of hypoglycemia, increases insulin levels after the consumption of excess carbohydrates, leading to a drop in blood glucose levels. This differs from conventional hypoglycemia where blood glucose drops several hours after a meal, but can easily be returned to normal by the consumption of food. Reactive hypoglycemia can cause fatigue, dizziness, shakiness, and in extreme cases, a coma. Although no effective treatments exist, glucagon, a peptide hormone derived from pancreatic alpha cells, seems to reduce symptoms. In the proposed experiment, the effectiveness of glucagon relative to a regimen of dietary control, exercise, and Acarbose will be tested on Zucker-diabetic-fatty (ZDF) rats (Rattus rattus). Three

Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which the body 's inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high or too low. When someone has diabetes and lacks insulin, the glucose (energy) from the person 's food remains in the bloodstream instead of being used by their cells, meaning the persons body is not obtaining all of the foods potential energy. This in turn causes excess thirst, urination, and hunger,

Normal blood glucose level is around 90mg/100ml[11]. This level can be imbalanced in excess or a deficit, but in a normal functioning body, the levels will return back to normal quickly by influence of the pancreas. The pancreas contains alpha and beta cells that are responsible for secreting glucagon and insulin, respectively[11]. Of interest to the pathophysiology of diabetes, is the role insulin plays in the regulation of blood glucose. When glucose levels in the blood are elevated, insulin is secreted from the pancreas and is circulated throughout the blood stream. Insulin lowers blood glucose by enhancing transportation of glucose across cell membranes, especially muscle and fat cells[11]. Also, insulin is responsible for inhibiting the breakdown of glycogen to glucose as well as the conversion of amino acids and fats into glucose to help lower blood glucose levels[11]. At the cellular level, insulin activates its receptor, which starts the cascade eventually leading to increased glucose uptake.

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.

“More than 18.2 million people (or 6.3 percent of the population) in the United States have diabetes” (Palo Alto Foundation). Considering all the disadvantages and health risks associated with diabetes, it is essential that we find healthy and more natural ways of battling such an illness. One way that is becoming more and more prevalent in the United States is the research and usage of herbal oils and medicines in regards to diabetes. Herbs provide a more natural approach to healing rather than continuous consumption of processed pharmaceuticals prescribed by doctors. Pharmaceuticals contain ingredients that may although directly help the disease it is prescribed for, could possibly do damage to other parts of the body