How The Immune System Fights Infections

The immune system depends on the body’s structures to help it function. For instance, the skin acts as the “body’s first line of defense.” If a pathogen finds a breach in the skin barrier, it is the circulatory system that must now signal the immune system of the invader. Shortly after, white blood cells will be notified of the infection and will target and destroy the pathogen.

The body encounters billions of germs every day and the immune system with all its intricacies fights off these pathogens. The defense mechanism of the human body is complex and fascinating, working all around the clock with its work largely unnoticeable.

- The body’s immune system detects the dead or weakened germ and the body responds as if it was a full blown infection leading to the creation of ALL defenses necessary to protect the body of this germ in the future.

    The human immune system is constantly undergoing changes because of the pathogens that are trying to invade the body. Once the pathogens cross your initial barriers your body has a second defence that comes into play. This is your immune system which is composed of your innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity has two line of defense, the first line starting with the skin and mucosal membranes, these create barrier to try and fight off pathogens entering the body. The second line is an internal response consisting of many types of phagocytes, and  chemicals and physiological processes which fight against pathogens (pg 854 Textbook). Meanwhile adaptive immunity is a response that has multiple cells that work to fight off specific pathogens. These cells start off as simple T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes go through a process when identifying a pathogen and eventually form cytotoxic T- lymphocytes and helper T-lymphocytes. When B- lymphocytes cross a pathogen they form into plasma cells in order to release antibodies and target (textbook pg 864). These two immunities play a big role in providing a healthy defense after vaccination is injected to allow the body to be immuned to

The immune system is made up of special cells and chemicals that fight infection. The white blood cells that make up the immune system are made in the bone marrow. These cells move through blood and tissue. Every time a microbe (germ) is overcome, the immune system remembers that microbe. If the body comes in contact with that microbe again, it will be defeated quickly.

The innate immune system is your body’s first line of defense against foreign pathogens. It consists of both physical and chemical barriers. Foreign pathogens that are found in the body have patterns on them that allow the body’s immune cells to identify it. These are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The host cells use special receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize PAMPs. With the pathogen identified, it can be tagged for Phagocytosis. The pathogen becomes attached to membrane evagination called pseudopodia. The pathogen is then ingested into the host’s immune cell, forming a phagosome. The phagosome then binds with a lysosome. The pathogen is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes and the

Upon injury, pathogens such as bacteria & viruses have a means to enter the body.

The Immune System is our body’s way of self-defence. The immune system protects our bodies from bacteria, viruses and other pathogens that may be harmful to us.

Though several of these CLOs have been associated with human and animal diseases, there prevalence and etiology is still unrevealed. Most the known mechanism of infection and host interaction is in amoebae and comparing them to chlamydia virulence factors and speculating on the functions of their common genes. The two most studied are Simkania and Parachlamydia and will be the main focus in describing the immune response and pathogen evasion.

The way the body responds when it encounters foreign particles of bacterial pathogens is by it having some cells called phagocytes that will recognize these pathogens, therefore a large number of phagocytes will be sent to the location of where the pathogens were encountered and the defense genes will activate, having proteins go through transcription and translation in order to kill the pathogens in the body.

This include the phagocytosis process which include white blood cells. This white blood cells take over the pathogens and tries to fight them back. The macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils work to try to get fight the pathogen. The process starts by white cells recognizing the pathogen. Then the white cells adhere to the pathogens and don’t allow them to attach. Lastly white cells try to break the pathogens out by the help of the enzymes. This can also not work because some pathogens may have more protection and may not allow the enzymes to break them out. Another thing that can happen is your compliment systems may kick in and a person can get fever which tries to make the pathogen uncomfortable and some bacteria may even get kill since some are sensitive to heat. Also you may get an inflammation, which are extra white cells that are put in an area that needs them. When the blood vessels expand it can allow movement of fluids. Inflammation can also help us but can also be harmful because if inflammation occurs in place where there isn’t much room, then it can damage your central nervous system. If none of this things work then the third line of defense comes into play. The process is a specific immune response. It starts by the microphage reading and does an antigen presentation. Then the B-Cells produce antibodies that are specific to a pathogen. Does antibodies then

The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens

Normally the body is protected by the immune system. When the immune system detects an unwelcome visitor such as fungi, bacteria and or viruses

When the pathogen replicates different components of immune system evolves to protect against various types of pathogens. However infection of an organism does not necessarily shows diseases, disease are only present when the bolus of infection, in terms of when immunity is comprised. All components of

The organisms that invade our body put off a toxin that dilate and leak from our capillaries and this attracts our white blood cells and causes and inflammatory response.