Western traditions are more often than not, a party of some kind. In America, a celebration of a 16th birthday (traditionally girls) is called a “Sweet 16”. This usually a big party of some kind where family, extended family, and friends are invited. Each of the sixteen candles on their cake represent a family member, friends and boyfriend (or close male friend). The father or the girl, who is sitting on a chair in front of everyone, approaches her with a pair of high heels and replaces her flats with them. The mother also places a tiara on her head. These two ceremonies symbolises her shift into adulthood.
In Australia and New Zealand, two ‘ceremonies’ that take place in a person’s life are ‘The 18th Birthday” and the “21st Birthday”. The 18th birthday celebration is to observe their coming of age into adult life. The celebration is usually a party of some kind, large or small, with family and friends invited and one of the parents or guardians buying their ward their first legal alcoholic beverage. Turning 18 means they’re now able to legally consume alcohol, gamble, and are obliged to politically vote. The ability to vote places much
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Each participant but wear a glove weaved with hundreds of Bullet Ants (that has a bite that some regard as the most painful insect bite in existence), for ten minutes twenty times over a couple of months. The boys wear the gloves for ten minutes and then start dancing with a group of men to distract from the pain that really begins to set in after the gloves are taken off. The sting from the Bullet Ant causes paralysis of the hands and extreme pain for 24 hours. Upon completing the eleven hour ritual the full 20 times without showing any signs of pain or discomfort is when are fully considered a man or “warrior” and are given a higher role in the community and more
In addition to the Australian drinking culture, at 18-years-old you are legally an adult. Thus, society has many expectations of young adults such as employment and study. Australian policies allow 18-year-olds to vote, marry, drive a vehicle, and obtain a gun license; furthermore, it is 18-year-olds right as an adult to drink. “Eighteen-year-olds could vote to change government, get married, have children, enter into legally-binding contracts and were treated as adults by the justice system,” Queensland Premier Anna Bligh said on a matter. (News, 2010). Before the Vietnam War in 1962 the legal drinking age in Australia was 21. “The drinking age in Australia was lowered to 18 from 21 during the Vietnam War on the grounds that if 18-year-olds could be conscripted, they should have the right to vote and drink as well.”(Urban, 2009). Therefore, the law has been previously changed and it would be unadvisable to change the law again; these changes
Through the progression of history the need for the principles articulated in Engineers’ Case was both necessary and appropriate. Callinan J in Workchoices’ Case made
The Australian Constitution is a rich amalgam of various classical political principles. The concepts of the Rule of Law and the doctrine of the Separation of Powers evident in Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws are both salient examples of political theses that are central to Australian Constitutional Law. The structure of the Constitution itself and decisions of the High Court of Australia unequivocally validate the entrenchment of the doctrine separation of powers in the Commonwealth Constitution . In particular, the High Court has applied this with relative rigour with respect to the separation of judicial power. The separation of the judicial power is fundamentally critical to upholding the rule of law. The High Court in Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal Affairs noted that “the separation of the judicial function…advances two constitutional objectives: the guarantee of liberty and, to that end, the independence of Chapter III judges” . Kitto J in R v Davidson also identified that the judiciary should be subject to no other authority but the law itself . This is a critical aspect ensuring the concept of legal equality is upheld. Therefore, its role clearly extends to providing checks and balances on the exercise of power by the legislative and executive arms of government . This ensures the liberty of the law and limits the abuse of the judicial system. Judicial Power is defined as “the power which every sovereign must of necessity have to decide between its subjects
48% percentages of Aboriginal juveniles end up in court in Australia. Therefore Australia is in need of new reforms regarding our Indigenous Australia. Reforms mean the improvement of what is wrong, corrupt and unsatisfactory. The Australian Law Reform commission is an agency that reviews the Australians law, giving improvement to access to justices and related processes making the law more equitable, fair and efficient. There are problems in our legal system that act as barrier to access of the law and inequality for indigenous Australians. There was a National Indigenous reform agreement providing a step to step how to achieve the Closing the gaps targets. COAG put $4.6 billion into closing the gap, in 2008 that were helped to health, housing,
EDE 325 Assignment 1 Case study (30%). Due 20th June, 2016, 1500 words (10% leeway +/-) Includes intext references.
Since the last execution in Australia in 1967 of Ronald Ryan and the abolition of capital punishment in Australia in 1973 imprisonment has been the only option as a sanction for murder. A survey conducted in 2009 demonstrated that a clear majority of Australians (64%) believed that imprisonment should be the punishment for murder as opposed to 23% stating the death penalty should be used and 13% did not wish to comment. The death penalty is not an effective punishment for all cases and there has not been any solid evidence stating that it is a more effective deterrent than imprisonment. Furthermore capital punishment possesses the risk of executing the innocent, which has happened or almost happened numerous times in the past such as
Currently, human rights in Australia are protected in different ways. Unlike most other similar liberal democracies, Australia has no Bill of Rights to protect human rights in one single document. Instead, some rights can be found in the Constitution, our common law and legislation which includes acts passed by the Commonwealth Parliament or State or Territory Parliaments.
Terra Nullius was once apparent in Australian society, but has now been nullified with the turn of the century. With the political changes in our society, and the apology to Indigenous Australians, society is now witnessing an increase in aboriginals gaining a voice in today’s society. Described by Pat Dodson (2006) as a seminal moment in Australia’s history, Rudd’s apology was expressed in the true spirit of reconciliation opening a new chapter in the history of Australia. Considerable debate has arisen within society as to whether aboriginals have a right to land that is of cultural significance and whether current land owners will be able to keep their land.
When a person turn 18 in most states they are considered adults under law and have most of the same rights and responsibilities as all other American adults. Their new rights include being able to vote, gamble, buy cigarettes, acquire guns, sign contracts, view adult material, get married, make a will, make their own medical choices and much more. With these newly acquired rights comes the burden of additional responsibilities and consequences.
Indigenous Australians have faced many changes to their original life style, with numerous policies being brought in. These policies had an incredible affect on how the indigenous Australians lived. The policies inflicted on the indigenous Australians varied widely and had numerous impacts. The policies of assimilation, protection and integration had mainly negative impacts on the community, causing loss of identity, language and religion. The policies of self-determination and reconciliation, had mostly positive effects to the indigenous Australian community, creating a stronger bond between black and white Australians, encouraging the concept of closing the gap between indigenous Australians and non-indigenous Australians. These
Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen, adjudicator, opposition and my fellow debaters. The topic for our debate is that ‘Australia should become a republic’. We, Gladstone Park Team 2 agree with the definition put forth by the affirmative team. However, we, the negative team, believe that statement is false.
How was the removal of Aboriginal Children from their families justified by the Australian Government and white society??
To introduce, Australia was country solely owned and run by Britian until 1901, the year of Australian federation, from 6 separate self-governing colonies to one, on the 26th day of January 1901. ’While Federation was not perfect, it was a system (of both laws and beliefs) that enabled Australia to flourish.’ The question itself represents the states coming together as one uniting nation. The laws, the beliefs, the privileges and the embellishment of the phrase gives you a sense of welcoming into the history of Australian federation.
Becoming a republic is the vision of future in Australia, it is the last stepping stone for Australia to become truly independent.
Legislation, or laws, will affect all citizens in some shape or form. Typically, those laws will try to benefit most of the citizens that its governing. However, some governments tend to neglect certain types of people, whether it is intentional or not is situational. Historically governments, national or state, hinder people through legislation. The most prominent example of this is how in the United States state and local laws would prohibit African Americans basic rights and kept them segregated, known as the Jim Crow Laws, up until 1965. A handful of essays that we have read throughout this class show that legislation highly influences the citizens of said government. In Chapter 2 we find the legislation undermines the Australian Aboriginal rights, how mining companies encroach upon their lands and legislation justifies this, as well as the other ways legislation was used against the native peoples of Australia. In Chapter 3, we learn that the lack of proper legislation and political instability of Nepal led citizens to use heavy metal as an outlet to cope and fight against the Nepal’s unstable political situation. Nepalis also saw heavy metal as a way to rebel against the constraints and limitations set upon them by society. Lastly in Chapter 9 we read about how historically Irish policy never understood the female body and the failure to understand the female ideal led to the eventual death of Ann Lovett, a 15 year old girl who felt isolated and didn’t even reach out